水热法协同处置不同垃圾焚烧炉飞灰及其机理

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰富含重金属且极易浸出对环境造成污染.通过研究流化床飞灰和炉排炉飞灰的理化特性,将流化床飞灰作为硅铝源,将炉排炉飞灰作为碱激发剂,在无添加剂条件下水热合成水钙铝榴石和雪硅钙石,从而将重金属稳定在晶体中.借助SEM图像分析水热合成机理,以雪硅钙石的晶体结构解释其吸附重金属机理.水热反应后液相中几乎不存在重金属,用重金属浸出率对飞灰浸出毒性进行量化评估,水热反应后的飞灰重金属浸出率相比流化床飞灰均有明显的降低,当水热反应添加的流化床飞灰与炉排炉飞灰的质量比为7：3时,水热后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出率最低,浸出率分别为0.073%、0.006%、0.107%、0.006%、0.326%.     

温和水热法合成钛酸盐纳米管及其对水中重金属离子的吸附研究

采用温和水热法一步快速合成了钛酸盐纳米管(TNTs),并应用于对水中重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附.通过选择纳米级锐钛矿替代P25型二氧化钛作为反应原材料,成功将水热反应时间从72 h缩短至6 h.TEM,XRD和FT-IR等表征证实了新合成材料的为管状钛酸盐结构.TNTs对3种重金属离子的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,且对Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的理论最大吸附量分别高达525.58、214.41和69.65 mg·g~(-1).p H=5时,吸附动力学实验表明对于初始浓度分别为200、100和50 mg·L~(-1)的Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ),在TNTs上的平衡吸附量分别为513.04、212.46和66.35 mg·g~(-1),吸附性能优于传统吸附材料.合成的TNTs结构为三联的[Ti O6]八面体骨架和层间H+/Na+,其吸附机理为金属阳离子与TNTs层间Na+的离子交换.同时,共存离子对吸附的影响实验表明TNTs对重金属离子的吸附存在选择性,即使在较高的共存离子浓度下(10 mmol·L~(-1))TNTs对目标重金属离子的吸附性能依然优异.该研究提供了一种应用钛酸纳米材料高效去除水体重金属离子的方法.     

Scientific Gear as a Vector for Non-Native Species at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents

The fauna of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are among the most isolated and inaccessible biological communities on Earth. Most vent sites can only be visited by subsea vehicles, which can and do move freely among these communities. Researchers assume individuals of the regionally homogeneous vent fauna are killed by the change in hydrostatic pressure the animals experience when the subsea vehicles, which collected them, rise to the surface. After an Alvin dive, we found 38 apparently healthy individuals of a vent limpet in a sample from a hydrothermally inactive area. Prompted by our identification of these specimens as Lepetodrilus gordensis, a species restricted to vents 635 km to the south of our dive site, we tested whether they were from a novel population or were contaminants from the dive made 36 h earlier. The 16S gene sequences, morphology, sex ratio, bacterial colonies, and stable isotopes uniformly indicated the specimens came from the previous dive. We cleaned the sampler, but assumed pressure changes would kill any organisms we did not remove and that the faunas of the 2 areas were nearly identical and disease-free. Our failure to completely clean the gear on the subsea vehicle meant we could have introduced the species and any diseases it carried to a novel location. Our findings suggest that the nearly inaccessible biological communities at deep-sea vents may be vulnerable to anthropogenic alteration, despite their extreme physical conditions.     

SnWO_4可见光催化降解甲基橙研究

采用溶剂热法合成了可见光催化剂SnWO4,以甲基橙溶液为目标污染物,研究了催化剂的用量、溶液的初始浓度、盐效应等因素对光催化降解效果的影响.结果表明,甲基橙溶液初始浓度为20 mg.L-1、催化剂的最佳投加量为1.5 g.L-1,SnWO4的催化活性最好,光照反应90 min对目标污染物的去除率可达99.37%;溶液中...     

废液晶显示器偏光片水热法降解的实验研究

利用管式间歇反应器对废液晶显示器中的偏光片进行水热降解实验研究,考察了反应温度、反应时间、水的用量和氧化剂对液相有机碳和偏光片分解率的影响,并对反应后的液相产物进行HPLC分析。结果表明,反应温度、反应时间和氧化剂的投加量均对偏光片的分解率具有显著影响;液相产物中的TOC随着反应温度、反应时间、用水量和氧化剂投加量的增加都存在一个先增加后减少的趋势,当反应温度为300℃,反应时间为5 min,H2O(230%)的投加量为0.2 mL时,TOC高达14 586 mg/L,此时,偏光片中的碳元素向水相转化的迁移量最多,液相产物中有乙二酸、乳酸、乙酸、马来酸、富马酸、丙烯酸等有机酸以及甘油醛和5-羟甲基-2-糠醛(HMF)生成,最有利于废弃偏光片后续水热资源化处理的开展。     

城市生活垃圾有机物资源化新途径——水热氧化技术新应用

介绍了水热氧化技术的发展历史、原理及特点,提出小热氧化技术应用于城市生活垃圾处理的可行性.     

不同湿热预处理条件对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

采用湿热水解技术处理餐厨垃圾,研究不同湿热预处理温度与时间下餐厨垃圾w(VS)(VS为挥发性固体)、ρ(CODs_Cr)(CODs为溶解性化学需氧量)、ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)等指标的变化,以评价湿热预处理对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢效能的影响. 在此基础上,结合厌氧产氢动力学分析,确定厌氧发酵产氢的最佳湿热预处理条件. 结果表明:湿热预处理温度、时间对餐厨垃圾可浮油脱出量、w(VS)具有显著影响. 餐厨垃圾湿热预处理后ρ(CODs_Cr)、ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)变化情况与w(VS)呈负相关. 餐厨垃圾经90℃湿热预处理30min后,可浮油脱出量为37.5mL/kg,w(VS)/w(TS)为95.12%,最大比产氢量达242.1mL/g,最大产氢速率为12.46mL/h,累积产氢率达0.88mol/mol,厌氧产氢启动时间为12.85h. 说明对餐厨垃圾进行适度的湿热预处理可有效提高有机物溶解性与生物可利用效率,进而提高厌氧发酵累积产氢量与产氢速率. 综合能耗、产出等因素,湿热预处理温度90℃,处理时长30min,为餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的最佳湿热预处理条件.      

温和湿热预处理对稻秸理化特性及生物产沼气的影响

为考察温和湿热预处理提高秸秆产气速率的可行性,以水稻秸秆为原料,在湿热预处理温度80℃、物料含水率60%条件下,通过分析湿热处理前后稻秸理化特性及厌氧生物产气特性的变化,研究不同湿热预处理时间对秸秆预处理及产沼气效果的影响.结果表明,温和湿热预处理促进了稻秸有机物的溶出,预处理后稻秸水浸提液pH值有较大幅度下降,而COD、TVFA和乙酸含量均大幅度增加,与对照组相比,T1、T2和T3处理秸秆水浸提液COD浓度分别增加了47.19%、55.18%和60.62%,TVFA浓度分别增加了22.34%、33.98%和50.12%,乙酸浓度分别增加了19.52%、34.02%和49.37%,并且乙酸占TVFA百分比均超过85%以上,差异显著性分析表明,处理T1水浸提液各理化特性指标与对照组相比呈极显著差异,而不同温和湿热预处理之间无显著差异;对稻秸纤维素组分破坏效果明显,但不同预处理时间对秸秆木质纤维组分破坏效果影响不大;厌氧发酵产气的结果表明,温和湿热预处理可明显提高稻秸厌氧生物产沼气,发酵20 d平均容积产气率可提高12.53%以上,累积TS产气率可提高36.17%以上.可见,温和湿热预处理提高秸秆厌氧生物产沼气效果是可行的,考虑到工程应用中预处理能耗成本因素,湿热预处理时间以T1处理(即6 h)为宜.     

Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic waste has attracted considerable attention because of its feasi- bility and the generation of valuable products. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment and hydrolysis are key processes for lignocellulose conversion. Hydrothermal process is a promising technique because of its efficiency to break down the lignocellulosic structures and produce fermentable hexoses. Most studies in this field have therefore focused on understanding these processes or optimizing the parameters, but commonly reported low yields of fermentable hexoses. The inability to produce high yields of fermentable hexoses is mainly attributed to inadequate information on the conversion mechanisms of lignocellulose, particularly the reaction rules of dissolu- tion, which is a limiting step in the entire conversion process. This paper critically reviewed the progress done in the research and development of the hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Principles, processes, and related studies on separate dissolution and asynchronous hydrolysis of lignin, hemieellulose, and cellulose are presented. Potential research prospects are also suggested.     

GROUND-WATER TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS AT LYONS FERRY FISH HATCHERY,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: The well field serving the Lyons Ferry Fish Hatchery has experienced reduced water temperatures following continued, periodic withdrawal of large volumes of water. In January 1985, the well field temperature was 49°F, which is less than the optimal 52°F for raising salmon and steelhead trout. The aquifer supplying the hatchery is in hydraulic and thermal connection with the Snake River and a flooded embayment of the Palouse River. Ground-water temperatures in the well field cycle on an annual basis in response to changes in surface water temperature and pumping rate. Numerical simulation of the well field, using a simplified mixing cell model, demonstrates the coupling of well field hydraulics and aquifer thermal response. Alternative pumping schedules indicate that it is feasible to adjust ground-water pumping to effectively store heat in the aquifer during the summer months when surface water temperatures are elevated. Sensitivity analysis of this model indicated that the primary controls of the system's thermal response are the volume of the aquifer assumed to contribute to the well field and temperature of the overlying surface water body.