大通河流域土壤细菌及氮循环功能菌群沿海拔的空间分布

探究土壤微生物的海拔分布格局及其驱动机制对理解气候变化下陆地生态系统的响应至关重要.土壤微生物群落的海拔分布格局随空间尺度有所差异,为此分别沿大通河流域干流流向（海拔梯度1 000 m）和山体坡面（海拔梯度500 m）设置了两种空间尺度的样带,利用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落结构和多样性沿海拔的分布特征,基于FAPROTAX数据库分析氮循环功能类群的海拔分布,探讨驱动土壤细菌群落沿海拔分布的关键环境因子.结果表明:①土壤理化性质沿海拔分布有显著差异,总氮（TN）和硝态氮（NO₃ ^-）含量与海拔正相关（P < 0.01）,土壤容重（BD）、pH与海拔负相关（P < 0.001）;②细菌群落OTU丰度沿海拔升高显著增大（P < 0.01）,丰富度和多样性指数沿海拔增大,但趋势不显著（P > 0.05）;③细菌群落以酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为优势门,其相对丰度随海拔升高分别增加、减小和微弱减小;④参与氮循环的功能类群共13种,以硝化作用、好氧氨氧化和好氧亚硝酸盐氧化作用为主,随海拔升高响应规律不同,其中硝化作用细菌丰度显著增加（P < 0.01）,好氧氨氧化和硝酸还原细菌丰度微弱增加,而参与含氮化合物异化还原的细菌丰度先增后减;⑤冗余分析表明海拔（ELEV）、pH和氨氮（NH₄ ⁺）是驱动门水平土壤细菌群落的主要因子,Mantel分析表明土壤细菌氮循环优势类群均受海拔驱动（P < 0.01）.⑥流域和坡面尺度上细菌群落α-多样性沿海拔的规律一致,但土壤性质、氮循环功能菌群丰度和主要环境影响因子均不同.因此从不同空间尺度探究土壤微生物的海拔分布格局具有重要意义.     

US/UV-Fenton体系处理高浓度罗丹明B特性研究

以罗丹明B为目标污染物,探索US/UV-Fenton体系对高浓度染料的降解规律.首先对比了Fenton、US-Fenton、UV-Fenton以及US/UV-Fenton体系降解RB的效果,通过建立反应动力学方程,发现各体系反应均符合伪一级动力学,进而分析US/UV-Fenton体系之间的协同因子.考察了初始溶液pH值、H₂O₂的投加量、H₂O₂与Fe²⁺摩尔比、反应时间和超声功率5个因素对US/UV-Fenton体系降解污染物的影响.结果表明,在最佳条件下罗丹明B溶液脱色率为99.9%,COD_Cr和TOC去除率分别为91.2%和61.85%,废水可生化性（BOD₅/COD值）由0.277提高至0.503.最后根据反应规律,分析了US/UV-Fenton体系的反应机制,深度探讨了体系之间的协同促进作用.     

羟基自由基和水合电子降解对叔丁基酚的研究

采用电子束辐照水溶液的方法产生水合电子（e_aq^-）,研究了e_aq^-与对叔丁基酚（4-t-BP）的反应,结果表明还原性的e_aq^-不能降解4-t-BP.同时,采用254nm紫外光辐照H₂O₂来产生羟基自由基（·OH）,研究了UV//H₂O₂体系对4-t-BP的降解效果,考察了4-t-BP初始浓度,H₂O₂的添加浓度,溶液初始pH值等因素对反应的影响,结果表明4-t-BP初始浓度越低,H₂O₂的浓度越高,则越有利于反应的进行;溶液pH=6时是反应的最佳pH值.采用HPLC结合GC-MS的分析方法对反应的中间产物进行了定性分析,得出对叔丁基邻苯二酚,对叔丁基酚二聚体和对苯二酚等3种主要中间产物,归纳总结了4-t-BP与·OH的反应路径.     

UV/PMS体系硝基氯酚降解动力学及机理研究

采用紫外光(UV)/单过氧硫酸氢盐(PMS)体系可有效地氧化降解4-氯-2-硝基酚(4C2NP).考察了溶液pH值、底物初始浓度、PMS初始浓度和氯离子、硝酸根离子初始浓度对4C2NP降解效果的影响.在pH2~5时,体系中4C2NP的降解速率并未出现显著差异;随着pH值升高至近中性,其降解过程受到一定程度抑制.初始底物浓度和PMS浓度与体系中4C2NP的降解速率分别呈现负、正相关关系.外加氯离子对4C2NP降解呈现出双重作用,而硝酸盐离子对4C2NP降解抑制作用不显著.脱氯和脱硝过程是4C2NP主要的降解途径.被释放的氯离子会通过自由基反应进行再氯化过程,而脱落的硝基会很快被氧化生成稳定的硝酸盐,从而抑制了硝基的循环过程.最后,根据中间产物推断了4C2NP降解过程的反应机理.     

Fe-Mn-sepiolite as an effective heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue

A study of the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue in an aqueous solution using Fe-Mn-sepiolite as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst has been performed. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the catalyst showed bending vibrations of the Fe-O. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst showed characteristic diffraction peaks of α-Fe₂O₃, γ-Fe₂O₃ and MnO. A four factor central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate and optimize the important variables (catalyst addition, hydrogen peroxide dosage, initial pH value and initial dye concentration). When the reaction conditions were catalyst dosage= 0.4 g, [H₂O₂]= 0.3 mL, pH= 2.5, [reactive brilliant blue]_o = 50 mg·L⁻¹, and volume of solution= 500 mL at room temperature, the decolorization efficiency of reactive brilliant blue was 91.98% within 60 min. Moreover, the Fe-Mn-sepiolite catalyst had good stability for the degradation of reactive brilliant blue even after six cycles. Leaching of iron ions (<0.4 mg·L⁻¹) was observed. The decoloring process was reactive brilliant blue specific via a redox reaction. The benzene ring and naphthalene ring were first oxidized to open ring; these were then oxidized to the alcohol and carboxylic acid. The reactive brilliant blue was decomposed mainly by the attack of ·OH radicals including surface-bound ·OH radicals generated on the catalyst surface.     

合流制雨水泵站溢流污水消毒试验研究

论述了合流制排水系统污水溢流消毒处理的必要性。提出采用粪大肠杆菌群数≤104个/L作为污水消毒的卫生学指标。试验结果表明,达到CSO紧急消毒要求的几种氧化性消毒剂最佳投加量为次氯酸钠30mg/L,次氯酸钙25mg/L,二氧化氯20mg/L(均以有效氯计);二氧化氯>次氯酸钙>次氯酸钠>双氧水。     

羟基化锌催化臭氧氧化去除水中痕量磺胺嘧啶

以实验室制备的羟基化锌(ZnOOH)为催化剂,研究了其催化臭氧化去除水中痕量磺胺嘧啶(SD)的效能,通过研究叔丁醇对催化效果的影响,推断了催化反应机理,探讨了臭氧投加量、水质因素、催化剂投加量和使用次数对催化性能的影响因素.结果表明,ZnOOH对臭氧氧化水中的SD有较强的催化活性.催化剂表面结合的羟基基团有利于催化反应.在优化的实验条件下,蒸馏水中反应30min时,催化臭氧化比单独臭氧化对SD的去除率提高了47.7%.催化过程遵循自由基反应机理,SD的去除效果随催化剂投加量的增加而提高,催化剂在重复使用后催化效果基本不变,水中的氯离子可以明显降低催化剂的活性,偏碱性条件下,催化效果更佳.     

The interethnic differences of the human serum paraoxonase polymorphism analysed by a quantitative and a qualitative method †

The polymorphism of the human serum paraoxonase¹ was analyzed by two distinguished methods in six different ethnic groups (Caucasians, Mongoloids, Negroids), using (1) the Computer Method² and (2) the Carro‐Ciampi Method³‘⁴. Analysis of the response of the enzyme activities to salts resulting in low and high activity ratios.

Comparison of the results:

In Caucasians we distinguished three phenotypes by the Computer method. The polymorphism was governed by two alleles. The Hardy‐Weinberg rule for a two‐allele model was valid. Individuals belonging to the homozygotic group with low activity had a low activity ratio (Carro‐Ciampi method). With both methods a frequency between 57% and 61% was observed for this group. Individuals with medium and high activity had a high activity ratio.

In Negroids and Mongoloids samples we found (by the Computer method) a low activity group (Ghanaians 9.6%, Jamaicans 13.6%, Indonesians 6.7%, Koreans 19.6%). The Hardy‐Weinberg rule for a two‐ or three‐allele model was not valid. Individuals belonging to the low activity group had a low activity ratio, all individuals with higher activity a high activity ratio (Carro‐Ciampi method).

Our results suggest that the members of the low activity group in the three races are homozygote for an identical allele.     

Hydroxyl radical generation by redox cycling of some chemotherapeutic antibiotics

The anticancer drugs: adriamycin, farmorubicin and mitomycin C greatly enhance the generation of hydroxyl radicals (HO^.) from H₂O₂ in the presence of Co(II) ions (CoCl2) at pH 7.4 and 8, as measured by the deoxyribose assay. Catalase, hydroxyl radical scavengers (mannitol, cysteine, glutathione, thiourea, lactic dehydrogenase) inhibited the degradation of deoxyribose confirming that HO‐radicals are responsible for the degradation of the carbohydrate.     

不同硝/铵比值对小麦幼苗根系释放氢氧根的影响

为研发酸化土壤的生物修复技术,采用水培试验和自动电位滴定装置研究酸性条件下氮素形态对小麦幼苗根系释放氢氧根及培养液pH变化的影响。结果表明,小麦幼苗在初始pH值为4.0,n(NO3-)∶n(NH4+)比值(以下简称硝/铵比)分别为15∶1、3∶1和1∶1的营养液中培养6 d后营养液pH升高,且增幅随硝/铵比的增加而增大,小麦对硝态氮的吸收量和氢氧根释放量呈相同的变化趋势,说明小麦对硝态氮的吸收偏好导致根系释放氢氧根,进而使得培养液pH升高。小麦幼苗在硝/铵比为3∶1,初始pH值分别为4.0、4.5和5.0的营养液中培养6d后,培养液pH和氢氧根释放量的增幅随初始pH的升高而降低,说明低pH条件有利于小麦幼苗对硝态氮的吸收,可促进小麦根系释放更多的氢氧根。10 h的恒定pH试验结果表明,恒定pH条件下小麦根系释放的氢氧根数量大于非恒定pH条件,且硝态氮比例越大,差值越大。因此,可以根据小麦在酸性条件下对硝态氮的吸收偏好建立酸化土壤的生物修复方法,即调节硝态氮含量以加大小麦根系的氢氧根释放量,进而提高土壤pH。