过硫酸钾氧化去除Cu (CN)32-中的氰污染物

近年来,氰化物污染问题日益严重,冶金工业、电镀工业中含有大量氰化物.采用常规的物化法难以对Cu(CN)_3~(2-)中的CN~-达到很好的去除效果,因此探索高效、环保的氰化物处理方法迫在眉睫.过硫酸钾作为一种绿色清洁氧化剂,目前被广泛应用于有机污染物废水的处理.采用均相过硫酸钾对Cu(CN)_3~(2-)中CN~-进行降解,并分析其降解机制,详细研究过硫酸钾投加量、铜氰络合比对CN~-去除率的影响.CN~-的去除率随着过硫酸钾量的增加而升高,当过硫酸钾量为2 mmol·L~(-1),反应时间为60 min时,CN~-的去除率可达89.6%;铜氰络合比的增加促进CN~-的降解.Cu~+被氧化为Cu~(2+)并且以氧化铜的形式存在于沉淀中.采用电子自旋共振波谱仪和自由基猝灭实验对反应过程中可能的自由基进行研究,结果表明在过硫酸钾氧化去除CN~-的过程中,既存在硫酸根自由基氧化途径,又存在非自由基氧化途径.     

操作条件对电氧化去除废水中有机污染物的影响研究

为优化电催化氧化操作条件、降低能耗,考察了电解温度、直流电源电流密度、方波脉冲电源频率、占空比等工艺控制参数对苯酚模拟有机废水COD去除率的影响。同时,以水杨酸为羟基自由基(·OH)捕捉剂,通过高效液相色谱分析技术对不同电氧化操作条件下·OH的生成量进行间接检测。结果发现,苯酚溶液的COD去除率随电解温度的升高而下降,随电流密度的增大而升高;随着脉冲频率与占空比的增加,苯酚溶液COD去除率均呈现先升高后下降的规律,在脉冲频率为500Hz、占空比为50%时达到最高。操作条件对·OH生成量的影响与其对苯酚溶液COD去除率的影响规律一致,表明操作条件通过影响生成及进入到电解体系中的·OH量从而影响电氧化效率。比较发现,脉冲电源的单位COD处理能耗相比直流电源降低44%,具有明显节能效果。     

CuO强化MFC活化过硫酸盐降解偶氮染料废水及同步产电研究

利用CuO强化微生物燃料电池(MFC)活化过硫酸盐(PDS),提高MFC对偶氮染料的降解率及同步产电性能.考察初始pH、CuO浓度、PDS浓度等因素对降解率及同步产电的影响.实验结果表明,最佳反应条件:初始pH为3.0,CuO浓度为0.6 mmol·L~(-1),PDS浓度为2 mmol·L~(-1)时,反应4 h后MO降解率达到99.3%.比未投加CuO时MO降解率提高12.8%;MFC最大输出功率密度从53.0 mW·m~(-2)增大到103.5 mW·m~(-2),输出功率密度提高1.95倍;对应的表观内阻从484.1Ω减小到318.6Ω,下降幅度达到34.1%.降解机理研究表明,MO降解过程中的主要活性物质为SO~-_4·和少量·OH.反应前后水样的紫外-可见光谱对比显示,MO降解过程中偶氮键率先断裂,然后生成含苯环类的中间产物,最终得到矿化.     

苯水相光氧化反应形成二次有机气溶胶的实验研究

来源于机动车尾气的苯能溶于大气水滴、云雾等水相中并发生水相光氧化反应,在水分蒸发后,产物保留在颗粒相中形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)粒子.本文采用雾化器将羟基启动苯水相光氧化反应溶液雾化产生气溶胶粒子,通过扩散干燥管除去水蒸气后产生SOA粒子,采用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪进行在线检测,利用紫外可见吸收光谱仪、红外光谱仪和液相色谱串联质谱仪离线测量SOA的化学组分.实验结果表明,激光解吸附质谱中存在醛类(m/z=29(CHO~+)、57(CHOCO~+))、羧酸(m/z=44(COO~+))和苯环(m/z=39(C_3H~+_3)、65(C_5H~-_5))特征裂解碎片峰.SOA粒子的红外光谱图中存在苯环C—H和C=C双键,以及C=O双键、C—O、O—H和C—O—C键的伸缩振动吸收峰,电喷雾电离质谱中存在m/z高达915的离子峰.这表明醛类、羧酸、酚类、芳香醚类产物和酚类产物发生聚合形成的高分子量化合物是SOA粒子的主要化学组分.这为研究人为源挥发性有机化合物水相反应形成SOA的机理提供了实验依据.     

热活化过硫酸盐氧化降解水溶液中的抗生素卡巴多司和奥喹多司

硫酸根自由基(SO■)高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)是一种新型的原位化学氧化技术(ISCO),在水处理领域具有广阔的应用前景,可用于治理土壤和地下水中抗生素污染.本研究采用热活化过硫酸盐(PS)产生SO■,考察其对水溶液中抗生素卡巴多司(CBX)和奥喹多司(OQX)的降解效果,评估操作参数和水质成分对CBX降解的影响,并对CBX的降解产物进行鉴定.结果表明,与OQX相比,CBX更容易被热活化PS工艺氧化降解,这可能是因为CBX含有富电子的腙支链,而OQX含有惰性的酰胺支链.升高温度、增加PS浓度和降低溶液pH值均可显著促进CBX的降解.HCO~-_3的存在对CBX降解有促进作用,可能是由于生成的碳酸根自由基(CO■)参与了反应.Suwannee河富里酸(SRFA)具有双重影响,低浓度时促进CBX降解,而高浓度时呈现抑制作用.NO~-_3的存在对CBX的降解没有明显影响,而NO~-_2的存在可以显著抑制其降解.CBX在天然地表水中的降解效率低于在地下水中的效率,可能与不同水质中天然有机质的含量有关.产物鉴定表明,热活化PS氧化降解CBX生成了羟基化、脱氧和支链断裂产物,表明氧化反应主要改变了CBX分子中的腙支链和N—O结构.研究表明,热活化PS工艺可有效降解水溶液中的CBX和OQX,但在该技术实际应用时应充分评估天然水质成分的影响.     

A bio-inspired computing model as a new tool for modeling ecosystems: The avian scavengers as a case study

The models used for ecosystems modeling are generally based on differential equations. However, in recent years new computational models based on biological processes, or bioinspired models, have arisen, among which are P systems. These are inspired by the functions of cells and present important advantages with respect to traditional models, such as a high computational efficiency, modularity and their ability to work in parallel. They are simple, individual-based models that use biological parameters that can be obtained experimentally. In this work, we present the framework for a model based on P systems applied to the study of an ecosystem in which three avian scavengers (predators) interact with 10 wild and domestic ungulates (preys). The computation time for 100 repetitions, corresponding to 14 simulation years each, with an initial population composed of 385,422 individuals, was 30 min. Our results suggest that the model presented, based on P systems, correctly simulates the population dynamics in the period of time analyzed. We discuss the usefulness of this tool in simulating complex ecosystems dynamics to aid managers, conservationists and policy-makers in making appropriate decisions for the improvement of management and conservation programs.     

Enhanced ozonation of dichloroacetic acid in aqueous solution using nanometer ZnO powders

Nanometer zinc oxide (ZnO) powders were used as a catalyst to enhance the ozonation for the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) in aqueous solution. The batch experiments were carried out to investigate the e ects of key factors such as catalyst dosage, ozone dosage, solution pH and tert-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) on the degradation e ciency of DCAA. Density functional theory (DFT) was adopted to explore the mechanism of generating hydroxyl radical (.OH) on the ZnO surface. The results showed that adsorption and ozonation processes were not e ective for DCAA removal, and the addition of ZnO catalyst improved the degradation e ciency of DCAA during ozonation, which caused an increase of 22.8% for DCAA decomposition compared to the case of ozonation alone after 25 min. Under the same experimental conditions, the DCAA decomposition was enhanced by increasing catalyst dosage from 100 to 500 mg/L and ozone dosage from 0.83 to 3.2 mg/L. The catalytic ozonation process is more pronounced than the ozonation process alone at pH 3.93, 6.88, and 10. With increasing the concentration of t-BuOH from 10 to 200 mg/L, the degradation of DCAA was significantly inhibited in the process of catalytic ozonation, indicating that ZnO catalytic ozonation followed .OH reaction mechanism. Based on the experimental results and DFT analysis, it is deduced that the generation of .OH on the ZnO surface is ascribed to the adsorption of molecule ozone followed by the interaction of adsorbed ozone with active sites of the catalyst surface. It is also concluded that ZnO may be an e ective catalyst for DCAA removal, which could promote the formation of .OH derived from the catalytic decomposition of ozone.     

含碳酸盐水溶液中扑热息痛的光解研究

采用动力学方法研究了环境浓度范围内的扑热息痛在含碳酸盐溶液中的光解,比较了碳酸盐自由基和羟基自由基对扑热息痛的光解效果,探讨了pH值、硝酸根离子、腐殖质、氯化钠、钙镁离子等因素对扑热息痛光解的影响.利用GC/MS技术鉴定了扑热息痛的光解产物,并探讨了扑热息痛在碳酸根体系中可能的光解途径.结果表明,扑热息痛与碳酸盐自由基反应的二级反应速率常数为 k.=5.0×107L·(mol·s)-1,低于与羟基自由基反应的二级反应速率常数kb=8.1×109L·(tool·s)-1,但是由于天然水体中碳酸盐自由基的稳态浓度较高,所以碳酸盐自由基对扑热息痛光解的影响和羟基自由基大致相当.提高体系pH值,加入硝酸根离子、氯化钠或者钙镁离子都会加快扑热息痛的光解速率;而加入Suwannee河富里酸则会降低光解速率.     

Effect of illumination intensity and light application time on secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from hydroxyl radical (OH.) initiated photooxidation of α-pinene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. The effects of illumination intensity and light application time on SOA formation for α-pinene were evaluated. Experimental results show that the concentration of SOA particles increased significantly with an increasing of illumination intensity, and the light...     

Simultaneous oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by pulsed corona discharge

A process capable of oxidizing NO, SO2 and Hg0 was proposed simultaneously, which utilized a high-voltage and short-duration positive pulsed corona discharge. By focusing on NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies, the influences of pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, initial concentration, electrode number, residence time and water vapor addition were investigated. The results indicate that NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies depend primarily on the radicals (OH, HO2, O) and the active species (O3, H2O2), etc. produced by the pulsed corona discharge. The NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies improved as increasing pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, electrode number and residence time, while they are reduced with an increasing initial concentration. By adding water vapor, SO2 oxidation efficiency is improved remarkably, while NO oxidation efficiency is decreased slightly. In our experiments, the simultaneous NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies reached to 40%, 98% and 55% with the initial concentrations 479 mg/m3, 1040 mg/m3, and 15.0 ug/m3, respectively.