An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Abstract

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development, a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development. Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008, the pressure of population aging on social and economic development, was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method. The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed. This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.     

聚氨酯涂层在三亚室外自然曝晒与氙灯老化腐蚀环境中的失效行为

目的研究聚氨酯涂层在三亚室外自然曝晒实验和氙灯老化实验中的失效行为,探讨两种实验条件下聚氨酯涂层光泽度的对应关系。方法利用红外光谱、金相显微镜、扫描电镜等分析手段研究三亚室外自然曝晒和氙灯老化条件下聚氨酯涂层的老化失效规律和行为。结果以聚氨酯涂层完全失去光泽为基准计算,相对于三亚室外自然曝晒实验,氙灯老化实验对聚氨酯涂层老化失效的加速因子约为4.3。结论聚氨酯涂层在实海暴露实验和氙灯老化实验失效过程中表面形貌相似、劣化机理一致,可以用氙灯老化实验模拟三亚室外自然曝晒实验。     

红外光老化在汽车部品中的应用

本文主要介绍红外光老化在日系、美系及欧系汽车业的应用情况和试验方法。     

氟橡胶密封材料热氧老化试验与寿命评估

对氟橡胶密封材料进行了热氧加速老化试验,对老化试验前后材料压缩永久变形量与红外光谱进行了分析,结果表明,老化引起材料内部的分子结构变化。建立了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程,预测了25℃下氟橡胶密封材料的贮存寿命,结果表明,氟橡胶在热氧条件下,失效机理为分子断裂和交联;非正常老化因素引起的变形对氟橡胶密封圈的性能影响很大;氟橡胶密封件在25℃下的贮存寿命为13.8 a。     

表面防护技术对混凝土结构耐久性能的影响

碳化及其导致的钢筋锈蚀是影响钢筋混凝土耐久性的重要因素。比较了混凝土表面浸渗、涂料涂覆及浸渗＋涂覆复合防护3种表面技术,开展了对混凝土防护的研究。通过碳化试验、紫外/冷凝加速气候老化试验以及混凝土内置钢筋电化学测量等检测手段,研究了3种表面防护技术对混凝土保护性能影响。结果表明,采用硅烷浸渗＋水性氟碳涂层的复合浸涂处理,可明显提高钢筋砼结构耐久性。     

装药结构试验器设计和低温老化试验研究

目的探索固体火箭发动机装药低温老化试验方法和机理,为固体发动机寿命预测和延寿提供支撑。方法设计方便取样测试的结构试验器,通过仿真计算确定具有一定应变水平的装药内孔尺寸,开展-10℃和-35℃低温老化试验。老化后首先对结构试验器进行无损检测,再取出药柱制取推进剂标准试样,进行常温和低温快速拉伸力学性能测试。结果设计完成三段连接式结构试验器,既不破坏药柱所承受的应力载荷,又保证取样方便、安全。无损探伤表明,经过低温长期贮存的结构试验器药柱没有产生裂纹和脱粘现象。推进剂的常温力学性能无明显变化,低温的最大抗拉强度有所升高,最大伸长率降低明显,-10℃和-35℃低温老化试验后,最大伸长率分别降低了24%和40%。结论推进剂内部产生了微损伤,承受低温快速应变(对应低温点火冲击状态)能力下降明显,应引起高度关注。     

复合绝缘子用高温硫化硅橡胶老化图谱绘制方法

目的 研究高温硫化硅橡胶材料在户外不同环境因素作用下的老化规律与相应的老化图谱绘制方法。方法 通过静态接触角、邵氏硬度法测量硅橡胶老化前后的宏观特性,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其表面微观形貌变化,通过倒易法则、阿伦尼乌斯公式以及叠加法则构建紫外光和温度双因素老化模型,并结合人工与自然老化试验硬度测试结果,对比不同地点的加速因子,初步建立老化速率图谱绘制方法。结果 随着紫外老化以及热老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的憎水性先增强、后逐渐变差,硅橡胶硬度以幂函数形式增加。SEM结果表明,硅橡胶表面发生降解。结合表面硬度特性可以较好地表征材料的老化状态,并用于老化图谱绘制,老化模型结果与自然试验结果一致。结论 硅橡胶老化图谱可以较好地预测各地不同环境下硅橡胶的老化状态,帮助电网制定运维策略,降低成本。     

Effects of dissolved oxygen and iron aging on the reduction of trichloronitromethane, trichloracetonitrile, and trichloropropanone

Iron metal (Fe(0)) is a potent reductant capable of reducing a wide variety of halogenated organic compounds including disinfection byproducts (DBPs). These reduction reactions may play a role in DBP fate in iron water mains and potentially could be exploited to remove DBPs from drinking water or wastewater in a packed-bed configuration. Oxidants (i.e., dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorine) present in the water, however, may decrease the DBP degradation rate by competing for reactive sites and rapidly aging or corroding the iron surface. Thus, batch experiments were performed to investigate the effect of DO on the degradation rates of selected DBPs by Fe(0). Experiments were performed under anaerobic conditions, in initially oxygen saturated buffer without DO control, and under controlled DO (approximately 4.0 or 8.0 mg l⁻¹) conditions. The effect of short-term (25–105 min) iron aging in DO-containing buffer on DBP degradation rate also was investigated in separate experiments. For fresh Fe(0), the degradation rates of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) and trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) in initially oxygen saturated buffer were similar to their respective rates under anaerobic conditions. The degradation rate of 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP), however, decreased significantly in the presence of DO and the effect was proportional to DO concentration in the controlled DO experiments. For a DO concentration of 4 mg l⁻¹, the degradation rate of the three DBPs was greater for longer aging times as compared to their respective rates after 25 min, suggesting the formation of a mineral phase that increased reactivity. For a DO concentration of 8 mg l⁻¹, the effects of increasing aging time were mixed. TCNM degradation rates were stable for all aging times and comparable to that under anaerobic conditions. The TCAN and 1,1,1-TCP degradation rates, however, tended to decrease with increasing aging time. These results suggest that the reduction of highly reactive DBPs by Fe(0) will not be affected by the presence of DO but that the reaction rates will be slowed by DO for DBPs with slower degradation kinetics.     

厌氧胶粘剂的贮存寿命试验研究

采用热空气老化加速试验,对厌氧胶粘剂的贮存寿命进行了试验研究.讨论了试验温度、试验时间对接头粘结强度的影响,分析了粘接试样的破坏类型,并分别以拉伸剪切强度下降20%、30%和50%为失效指标,评价了厌氧胶粘剂的粘接贮存寿命.     

丁腈橡胶应力加速老化行为的研究

以丁腈橡胶为例,采用高温加速老化法,以拉伸断裂伸长率作为贮存寿命指标,通过Arrhenius方程对丁腈橡胶贮存寿命的推算,研究了不同应力作用下丁腈橡胶的老化行为,并初步探讨了应力作用下丁腈橡胶的老化机理。结果表明,应力作用对丁腈橡胶的老化行为有较大影响,当丁腈橡胶不承受任何应力作用时,采用Arrhenius方程推算其在常温下的贮存寿命超过19 a;受弯曲应力作用时,其贮存寿命降低了50%;在拉伸应力和弯曲应力同时作用时,其贮存寿命小于2 a。原因是在应力作用下丁腈橡胶的分子链发生取向变形,键长和键角发生改变并受到约束,分子链的断裂活化能降低、老化进程加快,寿命缩短。