含镉废水处理现状及其生物处理技术的进展

在概述物理、化学及生物吸附法处理含镉废水现状的基础上,系统阐述生物强化技术处理重金属废水的研究进展.与普通生物吸附法相比,生物强化技术能提高生物的处理效率,加强生物的稳定性好,增强生物的抗毒性,所以在含镉等重金属废水处理方面具有很大的发展潜力.     

有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚吸附性能的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)和溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)两种表面活性剂对钠基膨润土进行有机改性,研究了改性后的有机膨润土的用量、介质pH值、作用时间、溶液中对硝基苯酚的浓度等因素对膨润土去除对硝基苯酚的影响.结果表明:同一浓度条件下,CTMAB-有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的去除率和吸附量均比CPB-有机膨润土高;当对硝基苯酚溶液pH在2-10范围内,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附性能变化不大,但当pH上升到12时,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚去除率分别下降20.5%和36.2%.2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附可用Freundlich方程加以描述.     

Relationships of ozone formation sensitivity with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types, in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity(OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types(LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NO x-limite...     

新汶矿区循环经济发展模式浅析

对于资源趋于枯竭、生产成本渐高、生态环境恶化的矿区来讲,发展循环经济、打造资源节约型矿区是解决这些问题的有效手段。通过对新矿集团发展循环经济的理念、实践、总结和展望的分析研究,总结了新矿集团循环经济发展模式,对于煤炭企业发展循环经济提供借鉴,为全力打造资源节约型矿区提供参考。     

大气污染物总量控制方法研究

介绍了我国大气污染物总量控制研究进展情况。对A—P值法、多源模式法作了详细阐述,并对总量控制近期的研究热点及发展趋势作了评述。     

膜生物反应器-超低压纳滤组合工艺处理城镇污水

针对再生水的高品质化和污泥的减量化问题,构建一套膜生物反应器-超低压纳滤组合工艺(MBR-DF)中试装置,以零排泥的方式运行处理城镇污水,同时建立一套传统活性污泥处理工艺(CAS),进水COD及$NH^{+}_{4}$-N、TN、TP浓度分别为87.0~165.7、14.0~31.0、14.2~32.4和2.5~3.3 mg/L。结果表明:浓水零排放MBR-DF系统对COD、$NH^{+}_{4}$-N和$PO_{4}^{3-}$具有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为95.7%、99.0%和68.5%。总溶解固体(TDS)和$HCO^{-}_{3}$的去除率分别为13.5%和31.1%,并能有效地降低出水总硬度。DF膜对$PO_{4}^{3-}$和$SO_{4}^{2-}$具有明显的截留作用,对$NO^{-}_{3}$截留效果较差,对$HCO^{-}_{3}$无截留作用。进水溶解性有机物(DOM)经MBR-DF后,出水中仅剩少量的类色氨酸类物质,且MBR-DF系统对进水DOM的UV₂₅₄消减率达到94.9%,对DOC的去除率在98.0%以上,出水DOM的腐殖质向非腐殖质转化的程度较高。MBR-DF系统和CAS系统对17-β雌二醇(E2)的去除率分别为99.9%和70.8%,MBR-DF系统可有效降低出水回用过程中存在的健康隐患。     

Governing trade-offs in ecosystem services and disservices to achieve human–wildlife coexistence

Sustaining wildlife populations, which provide both ecosystem services and disservices, represents a worldwide conservation challenge. The ecosystem services and Ostrom's social–ecological systems frameworks have been adopted across natural and social sciences to characterize benefits from nature. Despite their generalizability, individually they do not include explicit tools for addressing the sustainable management of many wildlife populations. For instance, Ostrom's framework does not specifically address competing perspectives on wildlife, whereas the ecosystem services framework provides a limited representation of the social and governance context wherein such competing perspectives are embedded. We developed a unified social–ecological framework of ecosystem disservices and services (SEEDS) that advances both frameworks by explicitly acknowledging the importance of competing wildlife perspectives embedded in the social and governance contexts. The SEEDS framework emulates the hierarchical structure of Ostrom's social–ecological systems, but adds subsystems reflecting heterogeneous stakeholder views and experiences of wildlife-based services and disservices. To facilitate operationalizing SEEDS and further broader analyses across human–wildlife systems, we devised a list of variables to describe SEEDS subsystems, such as types and level of services and disservices, cost and benefit sharing, and social participation of stakeholders. Steps to implement SEEDS involve engaging local communities and stakeholders to define the subsystems, analyze interactions and outcomes, and identify leverage points and actions to remedy unwanted outcomes. These steps connect SEEDS with other existing approaches in social–ecological research and can guide analyses across systems or within individual systems to provide new insights and management options for sustainable human–wildlife coexistence.     

Shared ways of thinking in Brazil about the science–practice interface in ecology and conservation

The debate in the literature on the science–practice interface suggests a diversity of opinions on how to link science and practice to improve conservation. Understanding this diversity is key to addressing unequal power relations, avoiding the consideration of only dominant views, and identifying strategies to link science and practice. In turn, linking science and practice should promote conservation decisions that are socially robust and scientifically informed. To identify and describe the viewpoints of scientists and decision makers on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions, we interviewed Brazilian scientists (ecologists and conservation scientists, n = 11) and decision makers (n = 11). We used Q methodology and asked participants to rank their agreement with 48 statements on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions. We used principal component analysis to identify shared viewpoints. The predominant viewpoint, shared by scientists and decision makers, was characterized by valuing the integration of scientific and strategic knowledge to address environmental problems. The second viewpoint, held mostly by decision makers, was distinguished by assigning great importance to science in the decision-making process and calling for problem-relevant research. The third viewpoint, shared only by scientists, was characterized by an unwillingness to collaborate and a perception of scientists as producers of knowledge that may help decision makers. Most participants agreed organizations should promote collaboration and that actors and knowledge from both science and practice are relevant. Disagreements concerned specific roles assigned to actors, willingness to collaborate, and organizational and institutional arrangements considered effective to link science and practice. Our results suggest there is ample room for collaborations and that impediments lie mainly in existing organizations and formal institutional arrangements rather than in negative attitudes between scientists and decision makers.     

基于行为安全“2-4”模型的受限空间事故分析及预防

为了研究受限空间作业过程的事故特性和致因机理,指导人员有效辨识受限空间作业风险,采取正确的应急救援措施。对2012年1月至2018年12月发生的典型受限空间作业过程事故进行了统计,并根据行为安全“2-4”模型对事故致因进行了分析,改变了传统事故原因的分类方法。将事故致因从一次性行为、习惯性行为、运行行为和指导行为4个方面进行划分,将安全管理体系划分为事故的根本原因。结果表明,受限空间作业事故伤害主要来源于气体中毒或窒息,盲目施救是导致受限空间人员伤亡的主要原因。基于行为安全“2-4”模型,提出从个人行为控制和组织行为控制两个层面的受限空间作业事故防控措施,对有效预防受限空间作业和救援事故,降低事故危害程度有指导意义。     

北京东灵山亚高山草甸旅游开发与保护研究

亚高山草甸一般分布在海拔3000—4000m范围内,而分布在北京西部东灵山的亚高山草甸最低海拔为1800m。如此低海拔的分布在全球都是罕见的,其生态脆弱性较强,退化问题日益严重,因此对其进行保护性开发显得尤为重要。从资源特性入手分析了其旅游开发现状和存在的问题,并基于客源市场和环境容量分析提出了亚高山草甸开展生态旅游的初步构想,即结合百花山和龙门涧形成“一个中心,两个景区”的空间布局;针对问题的成因,提出制定生态规划、控制客流量和加快旅游基础设施建设等生态保护措施,以达到旅游资源的可持续发展。