聚合物驱采油污水稳定性的影响因素

研究了聚合物质量浓度、分子量及原油族组分对模拟含油污水油水界面性质的影响。实验结果表明：聚合物驱采油污水的稳定性不但与聚合物含量、分子量有关,还与原油中沥青质、胶质的含量有关;随着含油污水中阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）质量浓度的增加,油水界面张力逐渐下降,Zeta电位绝对值和油水界面剪切黏度逐渐上升;APAM分子量越小,油水界面张力降低的程度越大;随剪切速率的增加,油水界面剪切黏度均逐渐降低;当剪切速率小于0.30 s-1时,4种原油族组分对污水稳定性影响的大小顺序为沥青质>胶质>芳香分>饱和分;随沥青质、胶质含量的增加,油水界面张力明显降低,Zeta电位的绝对值显著增大。     

PDMDAAC阳离子膨润土处理染料废水的研究

采用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)对膨润土进行改性,制得阳离子膨润土,研究其电动特性及对染料废水的脱色效果．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的表面电性发生了变化;处理染料废水的效果明显提高,而且在强酸性和强碱性条件下对染料废水的脱色效果最好．     

超高交联吸附树脂对水中对甲苯胺的吸附热力学与动力学研究

研究了带有磺酸基的超高交联吸附树脂NG-5和NG-10对水中对甲苯胺的静态吸附性能,并与不带磺酸基的CHA-111吸附树脂进行了比较．结果表明,NG-5树脂对水溶液中对甲苯胺的吸附能力高于NG-10及CHA-111,这主要得益于树脂表面的磺酸基与对甲苯胺分子的氨基间形成的氢键作用,以及树脂的微孔作用机制．吸附等温线采用三参数多层吸附方程来拟合,相关性很好．对吸附热力学和动力学的研究结果表明,NG-5和NG-10对于对甲苯胺的吸附为吸热过程,而且是自发进行的,吸附速率主要由颗粒内扩散控制．     

低浓度Ce3+对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性和胞外多聚物的影响

在间歇培养条件下,研究了低浓度Ce3 对启动驯化、稳定培养和酸化等不同状态对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度Ce3 可促进厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性;0.05mg·l-1Ce3 对稳定培养中的厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性促进作用最大,提高了14.29%,对酸化污泥促进作用较弱,低于5%,对启动驯化和再启动污泥有所抑制,抑制程度分别为7.67%和1.64%;驯化培养过程有利于污泥对稀土的适应.Ce3 的加入降低了启动驯化、稳定培养、严重酸化和再启动污泥的胞外多糖含量,有利于颗粒污泥的稳定性.Ce3 使驯化、稳定培养和再启动状态污泥的胞外核酸含量降低,而酸化污泥的胞外核酸含量升高,可用细胞膜通透性的改变解释.     

Degradation of L- and DL-lactic acid oligomers in the presence ofFusarium moniliforme andPseudomonas putida

Poly(-alkanoates) derived from lactic acid enantiomers are known to degrade easily hydrolytically in aqueous media. The ability of two microorganisms, a filamentous fungus,Fusarium moniliforme, and a bacterium,Pseudomonas putida, to assimilate the degradation by-products of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), namely, lactic acid, lactyllactic acid dimers, and higher oligomers, was investigated in liquid culture. To distinguish the influence of chirality on bioassimilation, two series of substrates were considered which derived from the racemic and the L-form of lactic acid, respectively. The fate of these compounds was monitored by HPLC. Under the selected conditions,DL- andL-lactic acids were totally used by the two microorganisms regardless of the enantiomeric composition. Both microorganisms degraded the LL-dimer rather rapidly. However,F. moniliforme acted more rapidly thanP. putida. It is likely that the DD-dimer also biodegraded but at a slower rate, especially in the case of the fungi. Higher racemic oligomers were slowly assimilated by the two microorganisms, whereas higher L-oligomers appeared biostable probably because of their crystallinity. A synergistic effect was observed when both microorganisms were present in the same culture medium containing racemic oligomers.Presented at the 4th International Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, October 11–14, 1995. Durham, New Hampshire.     

Facile synthesis of graphene-based hyper-cross-linked porous carbon composite with superior adsorption capability for chlorophenols

In this work, we proposed a green and cost-effective method to prepare a graphene-based hyper-cross-linked porous carbon composite (GN/HCPC) by one-pot carbonization of hyper-cross-linked polymer (HCP) and glucose. The composite combined the advantages of graphene (GN) and hyper-cross-linked porous carbon (HCPC), leading to high specific surface area (396.93 m²/g) and large total pore volume (0.413 cm³/g). The resulting GN/HCPC composite was applied as an adsorbent to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solutions. The influence of different solution conditions including pH, ionic strength, contact time, system temperature and concentration of humic acid was determined. The maximum adsorption capacity of GN/HCPC composite (calculated by the Langmuir model) could reach 348.43 mg/g, which represented increases of 43.6% and 13.6% over those of the as-prepared pure GN and HCPC, respectively. The Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were found to fit well with the adsorption process. Thermodynamic experiments suggested that the adsorption proceeded spontaneously and endothermically. In addition, the GN/HCPC composite showed high adsorption performance toward other organic contaminants including tetracycline, bisphenol A and phenol. Measurement of the adsorption capability of GN/HCPC in secondary effluent revealed a slight decrease over that in pure water solution. This study demonstrated that the GN/HCPC composite can be utilized as a practical and efficient adsorbent for the removal of organic contaminants in wastewater.     

Emission of Volatiles from Polymers — A New Approach for Understanding Polymer Degradation

Emission of low molar mass compounds from different polymeric materials was determined and the results from the volatile analysis were applied to predict the degree of degradation and long-term properties, to determine degradation rates and mechanisms, to differentiate between biotic and abiotic degradation and for quality control work. Solid-phase microextraction and solid-phase extraction together with GC-MS were applied to identify and quantify the low molar mass compounds. Volatiles were released and monitored at early stages of degradation before any matrix changes were observed by e.g. SEC, DSC and tensile testing. The analysis of volatiles can thus also be applied to detect small differences between polymeric materials and their susceptibility to degradation. The formation of certain degradation products correlated with the changes taking place in the polymer matrix, these indicator products could, thus, be analysed to rapidly predict the degree of degradation in the polymer matrix and further to predict the long-term properties and remaining lifetime of the product.     

反硝化聚磷菌的培养及其脱氮除磷特性

采用SBR反应器驯化培养反硝化聚磷菌,考察了厌氧-缺氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧运行模式下反硝化聚磷菌的增殖情况、反应器的脱氮除磷特性及胞内聚合物聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)和糖原的合成消耗情况。实验结果表明:经过72 d(288个周期)的驯化培养,SBR反应器内反硝化聚磷菌的数量约占全部聚磷菌的84.5%;厌氧-缺氧培养方式下,反硝化聚磷菌的释磷速率为34.5 mg/(L·h),缺氧吸磷速率为23.0 mg/(L·h),缺氧阶段每降解1.0 mg/L的PO_4~(3-)-P需要消耗1.0 mg/L的NO_3~--N;每消耗6.3 mg/L的COD生成1 mg/g的PHB,每降解1 mol的PHB约生成0.73 mol的糖原。     

具有共轭结构的CDPVA/ZnO复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

CDPVA是一种具有共轭多烯序列的聚乙烯醇(PVA)衍生物。通过低温热处理法制备了CDPVA/ZnO复合光催化剂。表征结果显示,PVA经低温热处理后形成了具有一定共轭结构的CDPVA并包覆于纳米ZnO颗粒表面,提高了光催化剂的可见光响应能力,有效促进了光生空穴和电子的分离。当PVA与纳米ZnO的质量比为1∶100时,CDPVA/ZnO的可见光催化活性最高;在催化剂投加量为0.5 g/L、初始罗丹明B质量浓度为4 mg/L、可见光照射50 min的条件下,罗丹明B降解率为97.51%,明显优于纯纳米ZnO;CDPVA/ZnO循环使用9次后仍保持较高的罗丹明B降解率,表明CDPVA的包覆有效抑制了纳米ZnO的光腐蚀,提高了光催化剂的稳定性。     

锂离子电池用新型复合聚合物电解质膜的性能研究

聚合物电解质膜是影响锂离子电池性能的重要因素,通过对聚合物的改性,能够改善聚合物电解质膜综合性能.本文以偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物[P(VDF-HFP)]为基,以N甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作溶剂,γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)作添加剂,用倒相湿法制备出复合聚合物电解质膜,并对其离子传递、膜结构和电化学性能进行了研究.用限制扩散方法测定了该电解质膜的锂离子扩散系数为5.68×10-10 cm2·s-1;用稳态极化法测定了该电解质膜的迁移数为0.61;用交流阻抗法测得该电解质膜的室温最高电导率可达1.73×10-3S·cm-1.测试结果表明,该聚合物电解质膜具有较好的离子传输性质和电化学性能.