刚性隔热瓦对舱段结构动特性影响规律分析

目的 分析刚性隔热瓦尺寸、瓦间缝隙大小及热环境对典型舱段结构动特性的影响规律.方法 以刚性隔热瓦式热防护系统的高超声速飞行器舱段结构为研究对象,建立其动力学模型,分别研究自由-自由边界条件下刚性隔热瓦尺寸及瓦间缝隙大小对舱段结构动特性的影响规律.开展热环境下舱段结构的稳态热传导分析,获得热环境下舱段结构的温度场分布,然...     

高超声速导弹随机振动响应分析

目的 研究某高超声速导弹飞行过程中的振动状态,获得导弹在给定压力载荷下的振动响应特性。方法结合有限元分析、随机振动理论,利用三维软件构建导弹有限元模型,并在Ansys Workbench平台对其进行模态分析及谐响应分析。基于模态分析结果,对导弹进行随机振动响应试验,探究导弹在频域及力学上的振动响应特征。结果 计算得出导弹前六阶固有频率和振型,获得导弹上一检测点在给定振动激励载荷下的加速度响应曲线,并得到导弹整体结构的应力分布云图。结论 导弹模型强度符合要求,导弹在振动激励载荷下的加速度响应峰值均出现在380～400Hz,应力极值出现在导弹尾部区域,在此区域内,导弹更易产生结构性损伤。在飞行器地面环境模拟试验中,应着重考虑此频域及位置的振动条件。     

长江三角洲2017年机动车IVOCs排放清单构建及其对SOA的生成影响

中等挥发性有机物（IVOCs）对大气中二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成有重要贡献,但尚未包括在目前的排放清单中.本研究以长三角地区为研究对象,分别基于排放因子法和IVOCs/POA比例系数法对长三角地区2017年机动车IVOCs的排放量进行估算,构建长三角地区2017年机动车IVOC排放清单,分析其不确定性并估算其对SOA生成潜势的影响.基于排放因子法的结果表明,2017年长三角地区机动车IVOCs排放总量为3.58万t,SOA的生成潜势为695 t,其中载货汽车的IVOCs排放量在长三角大部分城市的占比均超过70%;从燃料类型来看,柴油车的IVOCs排放量远高于汽油车.基于IVOCs/POA比例系数法的结果表明,由不同的IVOCs/POA比例以及不同的POA/PM_2.5占比得到的排放清单结果差别巨大,最大值可达64.2万t,最小仅为5.2万t,造成的SOA生成潜势分别为1.55万t和1032 t.本研究表明基于不同的估算方法构建的IVOCs排放清单结果差别巨大,具有很大的不确定性,将直接影响后续空气质量模型对SOA的模拟结果.因此,需进一步将不同清单结果用于空气质量模型中对SOA进行模拟,通过与观测值的比较,从而获得较为准确的长三角地区机动车IVOCs排放清单.     

Stingless bee response to spider webs is dependent on the context of encounter

In the course of their foraging bouts, bees frequently encounter spider webs among the vegetation. The ability to see and avoid these webs is vital for the success of the individual bee’s foraging bout. In this study, we report on the response of stingless bees (Trigona carbonaria) towards the webs of the St. Andrew’s Cross spider (Argiope keyserlingi). We studied the ability of bees to avoid webs in different contexts: when bees were on their foraging path or when they were returning to the hive as well as when they were flying North or South. We show that the probability of a bee being able to avoid a web depends on the context of the bee’s flight rather than the visual appearance of the web. Furthermore, the presence of the spider seems to alert the bee to the web, resulting in bees being more able to avoid capture. We show, specifically, that the probability of being captured is higher when the bee is returning to the hive compared with when the bee is foraging. The likelihood of avoiding a web is also influenced by the compass direction of the flight, although to a lesser extent. Our results indicate that the context of the predator–prey encounter has a significant influence on a bee’s ability to escape interception by a spider web.     

汽车尾气污染地理显示系统的开发研究

利用汽车尾气扩散模型和地理信息系统技术,建立起汽车尾气污染地理显示系统软件(以广州市为例),用户在软件界面上确定选取点或区域后,该软件即通过内部程序进行分析、计算并在界面上形象地表示出汽车尾气污染扩散对该点或区域的影响。本系统能够直观、快速地反映城市交通的大气污染状况,为环境管理和决策部门提供有益参考。     

关于我国报废汽车市场发展趋势的初步研究

随着汽车保有量的快速上升,我国报废汽车市场规模正在进入快速增长区间。根据发达国家的经验,报废汽车拆解与回收利用是循环经济产业的重要支柱。未来我国报废汽车市场规模的增长以及相关资源回收利用市场的发展,将会产生许多新的市场机会,也会对我国循环经济产业发展产生较大影响。     

Stability and safety evaluation of mixed traffic flow with connected automated vehicles on expressways

Introduction: Connected automated vehicles (CAVs) technology has deeply integrated advanced technologies in various fields, providing an effective way to improve traffic safety. However, it would take time for vehicles on the road to vehicles from human-driven vehicles (HDVs) progress to CAVs. Moreover, the Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) vehicle would degrade into the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) vehicle due to communication failure. Method: First, the different car-following models are used to capture characteristics of different types of vehicles (e.g., HDVs, CACC, and ACC). Second, the stability of mixed traffic flow is analyzed under different penetration rates of CAVs. Then, multiple safety measures, such as standard deviation of vehicle speed (SD), time exposed rear-end crash risk (TER), time exposed time-to-collision (TET), and time-integrated time-to-collision (TIT) are used to evaluate the safety of mixed traffic flow on expressways. Finally, the sensitivity of traffic demand, the threshold of time-to-collision (TTC), and the parameters of car-following models are analyzed based on a numerical simulation. Results: The results show that the ACC vehicle has no significant impact on the SD of mixed traffic flows, but it leads to the deterioration of TET and TIT, making the reduction proportion of TER slower. When the penetration rate exceeds 50%, the increase of CACC vehicles reduces traffic safety risks significantly. Furthermore, the increase in traffic demand and car-following parameters worsens traffic safety on expressways. Conclusions: This paper suggests that the CACC vehicles degenerate into ACC vehicles due to communication failure, and the safety risk of mixed traffic flow increases significantly. Practical Applications: The application of CAVs can improve the stability and safety of traffic flow.     

基于ISM—CRITIC法的通用航空可控飞行撞地影响因素分析

为了研究通用航空可控飞行撞地的影响因素,提出针对性的预防措施,采用基元事件分析法对中国民航安全办公室不安全数据库中2006—2015年间发生的30起通用航空可控飞行撞地事件进行分析,建立通用航空可控飞行撞地影响因素体系;运用解释结构模型对影响因素进行两两对比分析,建立3层阶梯有向模型;运用CRITIC法计算各影响因素权重并排序。结果表明:影响通用航空可控飞行撞地事件的表层直接原因分别是注意力分配不当、违反标准运行程序、安全意识淡薄、应急能力弱、导航设备失效、发动机失效、其他天气意外、飞行保障不利和组织混乱;中层间接原因分别是驾驶技能不足、航前准备不足、机组资源管理欠缺、地形复杂、能见度和光线刺激;深层根本原因分别是疲劳驾驶、公司违规和违法组织飞行;影响通用航空可控飞行撞地事件发生的主要因素分别是飞行保障不利和组织混乱、航前准备不足、安全意识淡薄、驾驶技能不足和违反标准运行程序。     

中国新能源汽车产业的政策变迁与政策工具选择

伴随着新能源汽车产业的发展,中国政府有关新能源汽车产业政策也在不断地跟进。梳理相关产业政策变迁之中的内在逻辑,分析政策工具的选择是一项极为重要的任务。本文基于政策框架理论及其分析方法,对有关新能源汽车研究文献进行了分析,将关注重点从政策的评价转到从历史的角度关注新能源政策变迁的推动力上。政策变迁是与其动力因素密切相关的,这些动力因素又总是体现为政策变迁的主导力量。在中国新能源汽车产业的政策变迁历程中,其主导力量或政策制定的主要影响因素不断变化,中国新能源汽车的发展政策也可以分为政府主导、汽车厂商主导和消费者主导的三个阶段。政策变迁体现了政策本身的社会价值。基于中国新能源汽车发展的各种不同政策要素及其相关性,本文发现,在中国新能源汽车产业的组织性政策工具、管制性政策工具、经济诱因性政策工具、信息性政策工具和资源性政策工具这五个方面,经济诱因性工具和信息性工具应该是推动新能源汽车产业的关键工具,组织性和管制性工具只适用于产业化初期,后期应逐渐减少,而自愿性工具在新能源汽车产业市场完善前不提倡使用,在该产业市场得到完善后可以成为政府的选择之一。经过研究发现,在新能源汽车产业发展过程中,政府应注意自身的作用范围,适当处理市场与政府规制的便捷,降低交易成本,提高规制效率,是未来产业化政策工具选择应重点关注的环节。同时,政府必须在政策上致力于技术创新,把通过技术创新推动新能源汽车产业发展作为重要的政策目标。     

Knowledge,experience and the circus: academic perspectives on the processes of communicating the environmental and health impacts of electric vehicles

The translation of research findings into public realms has important implications for alternative technologies, such as electric vehicles (EVs). Much existing science communication research focuses on the agency of different publics in processes of scientific knowledge uptake. This study uses research related to the environmental and health impacts of EVs as a case study to explore how the individual agency of academic researchers can influence communication. Challenges to communication and opportunities to enhance the agency of researchers to engage in public dialogue are identified, with a focus on academics at different stages of their careers. This paper proposes a new way of understanding how these individualised nuances impact the communication of a particular researcher’s findings. These nuances are built through the researcher’s agency; a construct of their past experiences, professional and personal relationships with other actors and previous practices of communicating to publics. Communication models have previously concentrated on the heterogeneity of other actors and publics with the huge assumption that academics work consistently, homogenously, in a neutral way to the benefit of society. EVs were chosen as an appropriate case study as they are a contemporary technology that relies on the communication of knowledge and the public understanding of this knowledge to cater for future needs. The responses elicited from the interviews highlight the individual geographies of knowledge. Hence, a reflexive understanding of their role as an individual can provide valuable insights into how a researcher may distribute knowledges more effectively in their geographies to publics