Passenger distractions among adolescent drivers

PROBLEM: Adolescents who drive with peers are known to have a higher risk of crashes. While passengers may distract drivers, little is known about the circumstances of these distractions among teen drivers. METHOD: This study used survey data on driving among 2,144 California high school seniors to examine distractions caused by passengers. RESULTS: Overall, 38.4% of youths who drove reported having been distracted by a passenger. Distractions were more commonly reported among girls and students attending moderate- to high-income schools. Talking or yelling was the most commonly reported type of distraction. About 7.5% of distractions reported were deliberate, such as hitting or tickling the driver or attempting to use the vehicle's controls. Driving after alcohol use and having had a crash as a driver were both significant predictors of reporting passenger-related distraction. CONCLUSION: Adolescents often experience distractions related to passengers, and in some cases these distractions are intentional. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These results provide information about teenage drivers who are distracted by passenger behaviors. In some cases, passengers attempted to use vehicle controls; however, it seems unlikely that this behavior is common enough to warrant redesign of controls to make them less accessible to passengers.     

闭环电控三元催化技术对化油器型车辆排放的控制

针对城市汽车尾气治理及化油器型车辆的排放现状 ,指出开发和运用闭环电控三元催化技术是目前解决城市化油器型车辆排放问题及时可行的过渡措施 ,并对电控三元催化技术的应用提出了建议与要求。     

克拉玛依市机动车污染现状调查与防治对策研究

在调查克拉玛依市机动车尾气污染的基础上,分析存在的问题,并针对性地提出城市交通污染的控制对策.     

Relating meteorological variables and trends in motor vehicle emissions to monthly urban carbon monoxide concentrations

A model which quantifies the relationship between the monthly time series for CO emissions, the monthly time series in ambient CO concentration, and meteorologically driven dispersion was developed. Fifteen cities representing a wide range of geographical and climatic conditions were selected. An eight-year time series (1984–1991 inclusive) of monthly averaged data were examined in each city. A new method of handling missing ambient concentration values which is designed to calculate city-wide average concentrations that follow the trend seen at individual monitor sites is presented. This method is general and can be used in other applications involving missing data. The model uses emissions estimates along with two meteorological variables (wind speed and mixing height) to estimate monthly averages of ambient air pollution concentrations. The model is shown to have a wide range of applicability; it works equally well for a wide range of cities that have very different temporal CO distributions. The model is suited for assessing long-term trends in ambient air pollutants and can also be used for estimating seasonal variations in concentration, estimation of trends in emissions, and for filling in gaps in the ambient concentration record.     

电动汽车与燃油汽车的环境指标比较

对燃油汽车的尾气直接污染，尾气间接污染和噪声污染的环境指标进行了分析。比较了电动汽车与燃油汽车的同类环境指标，指出中国发展电动汽车对于改善环境的重要作用。     

丹东市机动车尾气污染现状与控制措施

调查和研究了9种车型：轿车、出租车、摩托车、中型客车、小型面包车、大公共汽车、轻型货车、中型货车、重型货车的汽油和柴油的NOx，CO、HC、SO2、PM10污染排放量及分别在主干线、次干线、支路、街巷路中每条路段不同时间车流量密度及利用排放因子，求出每条路段机动车污染物排放量。同时分别汇总主干线、次干线、支路、街巷路中9种车型车流量密度及污染物排放量，最后估算出污染物排放总量。     

我国城市的柴油车污染及防治对策探讨

当今城市大气污染物中 6 0 %— 70 %来自机动车的排放 ,而其中很大部分是柴油车的排放。作者对柴油车在城市生活中的重要地位、对在用柴油车的技术改造措施和城市环境保护的其他举措进行了研究探讨 ,提出了一些具体方案     

广州市在用汽车排气检测执行新标准的初步分析

在广州市机动车排气检测工作中，对在用汽车（指已上牌的汽车）在路检、抽检、复测和被举报冒黑烟车辆检测已经全面执行GB 18585-2005和GB 3847-2005国家新标准。文章对执行新标准实际工作中的技术问题和检测结果作了初步分析，并提出了相应的建议。     

自由飞行下基于航空器定位误差修正的碰撞风险研究

自由飞行能够提高空域容量从而缓解空域拥挤问题,在保障自由飞行安全性的基础上尽可能减小飞机的安全间距,需要研究自由飞行条件下飞机的安全评估问题。分析了所需CNS性能、防撞系统、风的因素等自由飞行下航空器定位误差的影响因素,考虑到航空器定位误差在短时间内具有累积性,提出采用INS、GPS数据融合算法对定位误差进行周期性修正。给出修正后的航空器定位误差分布在时间上的变化规律,并将其运用到自由飞行下碰撞风险评估中。结果表明,碰撞风险随安全间距增加呈下降趋势,以1.5×10-8次/飞行小时的目标安全水平为例,对航空器定位误差修正的最小安全间距为8 600 m,不对航空器定位误差进行修正的最小安全间距为9 100 m。     

Impact of improving vehicle front design on the burden of pedestrian injuries in Germany,the United States,and India

Objective: European car design regulations and New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) ratings have led to reductions in pedestrian injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of improving vehicle front design on mortality and morbidity due to pedestrian injuries in a European country (Germany) and 2 countries (the United States and India) that do not have pedestrian-focused NCAP testing or design regulations.

Methods: We used data from the International Road Traffic and Accident Database and the Global Burden of Disease project to estimate baseline pedestrian deaths and nonfatal injuries in each country in 2013. The effect of improved passenger car star ratings on probability of pedestrian injury was based on recent evaluations of pedestrian crash data from Germany. The effect of improved heavy motor vehicle (HMV) front end design on pedestrian injuries was based on estimates reported by simulation studies. We used burden of disease methods to estimate population health loss by combining the burden of morbidity and mortality in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost.

Results: Extrapolating from evaluations in Germany suggests that improving front end design of cars can potentially reduce the burden of pedestrian injuries due to cars by up to 24% in the United States and 41% in India. In Germany, where cars comply with the United Nations regulation on pedestrian safety, additional improvements would have led to a 1% reduction. Similarly, improved HMV design would reduce DALYs lost by pedestrian victims hit by HMVs by 20% in each country. Overall, improved vehicle design would reduce DALYs lost to road traffic injuries (RTIs) by 0.8% in Germany, 4.1% in the United States, and 6.7% in India.

Conclusions: Recent evaluations show a strong correlation between Euro NCAP pedestrian scores and real-life pedestrian injuries, suggesting that improved car front end design in Europe has led to substantial reductions in pedestrian injuries. Although the United States has fewer pedestrian crashes, it would nevertheless benefit substantially by adopting similar regulations and instituting pedestrian NCAP testing. The maximum benefit would be realized in low- and middle-income countries like India that have a high proportion of pedestrian crashes. Though crash avoidance technologies are being developed to protect pedestrians, supplemental protection through design regulations may significantly improve injury countermeasures for vulnerable road users.