A fate model of pathogenic viruses in a composting toilet based on coliphage inactivation

A composting toilet using sawdust as a matrix has the potential to trap pathogens that might occasionally be contained in human feces. Therefore, care should be taken when handling the sawdust. It should also be noted that pathogenic viruses tend to have stronger tolerance than pathogenic bacteria. The fates of several species of coliphages, T4, , Q and MS2, in sawdust were investigated as a viral model. The fates of coliphages were significantly different among them, and they changed in response to temperature and the water content of the sawdust. As the results, T4 coliphage had the strongest tolerance and Q had the weakest one in sawdust. It was estimated the days required to decrease virus to a safe level based on a risk assessment. According to the rates of Q and T4, 15 days and 167 days were required respectively for a safe level of infection risk based on actually operated composting toilet condition. Thus, it was significantly different depending on the species and sawdust conditions.     

污泥堆腐过程中多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解

结合有机废弃物资源化利用的特点,进行了污泥与绿化植物废弃物堆肥实验,以探讨其中多环芳烃的降解状况,为其更好的资源化利用提供坚实的证据.研究表明,污泥与绿化植物废弃物物堆肥腐熟时,16种优控多环芳烃的总量由原来的6.225 mg/kg降到了3.202mg/kg,降解率达到了48.57%,并且堆肥后满足了欧洲联盟规定的多环...     

畜禽粪便堆腐过程中有机碳组分与腐熟指标的变化

以牛粪、菌糠、鸡粪等为材料按照两种比例调配为混合基质,在添加或不添加发酵启动剂的条件下在发酵罐中进行为期38 d的堆肥发酵试验,研究4种处理方式下畜禽粪便腐解过程中有机碳及其组分的变化,同时通过综合发芽指数(GI)评判腐解物料的腐熟度,确定GI与有机碳组分的关系.结果表明,添加发酵启动剂可以加速有机物质的降解,使水溶性有机碳和有机酸的含量下降(比初始值含量分别下降了41.85%、85.18%),促进类富里酸向胡敏酸转化,使畜禽粪便达到快速腐熟.在两种物料配比下,较高比例的牛粪不利于堆肥物质的分解和腐熟.根据达到腐熟要求的标准(GI0.8),当TOC357.27 g·kg-1,DOC7.00 g·kg-1,FA6.45 g·kg-1,腐解后期物料的红外光谱在1020 cm-1、1427 cm-1出现较为尖锐的峰值,即碳酸盐和硝酸盐含量增加,且草酸大幅度下降时,可以认为有机物料达到完全腐熟.当牛粪、菌糠、鸡粪的混合体积比为1∶1∶1时,在添加发酵启动剂条件下有机物料在腐解29 d时达到以上腐熟指标.     

Humification characterization of biochar and its potential as a composting amendment

Biochar has received increasing attention due to its applications as a soil amendment. Here, the chemical properties of solid and water-extractable fractions of four biochar samples were investigated. The results showed that wood biochar and bamboo biochar samples were 60%–80% more hydrophobic than those of rice husk biochar and rice husk ash. In addition, the acidity was 3.88 mmol/g from the total functional groups and 1.03 mmol/g from the carboxyl groups/lactones/phenols found in the wood biochar sample, which were about 1.5 times greater than those of the bamboo biochar sample. These functional groups could be used to determine the sorptive capacity of biochar for ionic solutes and water content and to increase the degradation of compost organics. The wood biochar sample was found to have the most humification materials(fulvic acid-like material + humic acid-like material) in the water-extractable fraction, which was 3–10 times higher than that in the rice husk biochar and rice husk ash; humified materials were not detected in the bamboo biochar sample. Humification materials in biochar may be involved in increasing the proportion of humic acid-like materials in humic-like substances within the compost product. Wood biochar had better hydrophobic, sorptive, aromatic, and humification properties compared to other biochars, suggesting that it may be used in composting in order to exert its effect as both a bulking agent and a composting amendment during the solid waste composting process.     

抗生素降解菌剂对猪粪堆肥腐熟和细菌群落演替的影响

接种抗生素降解菌可促进畜禽粪便中抗生素去除,但相关污染物降解菌对堆肥进程及土著微生物群落演替的影响研究甚少.分析一种以抗生素降解菌种为核心的复合微生物菌剂在猪粪抗生素去除中的作用,探究接种菌剂对猪粪堆肥理化进程以及细菌群落演替的影响.结果表明,抗生素降解菌剂接种处理猪粪中抗生素去除率达81.95%,与对照相比,其抗生素残留总量下降42.18%.在堆肥条件下,接种抗生素降解菌剂促进了猪粪堆肥升温,加速了堆体水分去除,降低了堆肥中氨气和硫化氢累积排放量,使得堆肥产物中氮磷钾总养分含量和萝卜种子发芽指数分别提高6.80%和68.33%,同时堆肥产物中稳定性有机质含量增加,纤维素和半纤维素等难分解物质含量下降.细菌群落结构分析指出,接种菌剂提高了堆肥中放线菌门和厚壁菌门细菌的相对丰度,其中与堆体升温正相关的嗜热菌丰度显著增加（P<0.01）,而致病细菌相对丰度下降.细菌群落共现网络分析表明,接种菌剂改变堆肥土著细菌群落互作模式,降低了细菌群落网络的复杂度和连通性,优化了有益细菌与其他菌群的生态关系,为建立新的和更加健康的堆肥细菌群落奠定了基础,可为抗生素降解菌剂在堆肥中的应用开发提供了科学依据.     

4种粪便堆肥过程中抗生素的降解特性

饲料中抗生素的广泛使用导致了粪便中抗生素的大量残留,堆肥工艺可以降解残留的抗生素.本研究以蛆粪、鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪为对象,利用中试好氧堆肥装置,研究不同类型粪便的抗生素残留情况及其堆肥降解特性.结果表明,磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和大环内酯类是主要存在的抗生素类型,不同类型粪便其优势抗生素均不同.对各粪便堆肥中抗生素降解规律研究发现:氟喹诺酮类抗生素和土霉素在堆肥第7 d检出水平为0,降解速度最快;强力霉素在4种粪便堆肥中的降解幅度在85%以上;磺胺类抗生素在鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪堆肥中的降解幅度在80%以上,但是在蛆粪堆肥中的降解效果较差;大环内酯类抗生素仅存在蛆粪中,经堆肥其降解幅度为70. 79%.相关性结果显示,含水率和容重是影响4种粪便堆肥抗生素降解率最主要的环境因子.     

二丁与连翘药渣联合堆肥腐熟度评价

为了对不同比例的二丁与连翘药渣堆肥腐熟度进行评价,采用条垛式好氧堆肥方式,将二丁和连翘两种药渣按照5种不同的比例进行堆肥处理,通过分析堆肥过程中温度、pH、C/N和发芽指数等指标的变化规律,对堆肥腐熟度进行评价。结果表明:在试验处理条件下及堆肥周期内,单一药渣堆肥的两组处理未能完全腐熟,混合药渣堆肥的3组处理均已达到完全腐熟的标准,说明两种药渣混合后进行堆肥,可以有效促进堆肥的顺利进行,且二丁与连翘比例为2∶1(质量比)时发酵效果最好。3组混合药渣的发酵产物可以作为有机肥或土壤改良剂施用,也可以与化肥配合,制备成有机/无机配方肥。