Atmospheric Metal Pollutants-Archives, Methods, and History

Pollution of the atmosphere with cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) is a consequence of human activities. Natural archives are necessary to reconstruct the long-term history of metal deposition because accurate measurement of atmospheric deposition is a recent accomplishment. Reconstructions require: (1) accurate determination of concentrations of elements and isotopes, (2) accurate chronology of archives, and (3) archives that faithfully record atmosphere deposition. The most useful long-term archives are accumulations of ice and snow, peat, and lake sediment. Quantification of Cd deposition is uncommon because of its low concentration and substantial chemical mobility. Nonetheless, trends in peat and lake sediment are similar to those of Hg and Pb since ca. 1800 a.d. Both Hg and Pb are relatively chemically immobile and thus the peat and lake archives are believed to record historic trends of atmospheric deposition. Isotopic and concentration studies of Pb indicate a history of northern hemisphere atmospheric pollution extending back prior to 0 a.d. Although measurements of Hg concentration are now routine, isotopic measurements are in their infancy. Some Hg pollution sources have unique isotopic ratios, thereby contributing unique signals to the total Hg. Maximum accumulation rates of Hg and Pb occur up to 10 years later than for Cd (1970s versus 1960s in eastern North America, perhaps slightly later in Europe). By 2004, deposition of Cd, Hg, and Pb had declined from peak values in eastern North America more than 75, 75, and 90%, respectively.     

TiO2/PVDF编织管改性复合膜的制备及性能

以PET编织管为内支撑层,以PVDF为膜基材、纳米TiO2粒子为亲水化改性剂,利用涂覆-浸没凝胶相转化法制备得到具有高强度高通量的PVDF-PET编织管改性复合膜。考察PVDF含量对涂覆及膜表面形貌和膜性能的影响。以水通量、抗污染性等为评价指标,确定改性膜中纳米TiO2颗粒的最佳投入比。结果表明：PVDF-PET编织管中空纤维膜在PVDF耗量、过滤面积和机械强度上较传统中空纤维膜具有更大优势。当铸膜液中PVDF含量在10%~14%时,膜表面平整光滑,涂覆均匀;PVDF含量为12%时,复合膜孔隙率最大。由QCM-D检测分析可知,PVDF/TiO2膜与纯PVDF膜相比,牛血清蛋白（BSA）吸附量减少;TiO2含量为1%时复合膜通量衰减率最低,抗污染性最强,通量最大,复合膜整体性能更为优异。     

染料结晶紫降解菌分离及其特性研究

从印染废水中筛选分离得到结晶紫（CV）降解菌株H，并对其脱色条件和机理进行了研究。结果表明，在外加生长基质条件下，菌株H不仅对CV降解脱色而且能降解中间产物。在pH7．0、35℃、摇床转速180r／min条件下，菌株H有最佳的脱色效果。对于20mg／L CV溶液，生长细胞降解0．5h，脱色率可达95％。休眠细胞对CV的降解规律也进行了对比探讨。菌株H对CV脱色过程遵循一级动力学方程，脱色速率常数k随CV浓度升高而降低，生长细胞的k值约为休眠细胞的6～7倍。     

芬顿-SBR-微波热解联合处理高浓度液晶废水

针对高浓度液晶废水可生化性差及难降解的问题,设计了芬顿-SBR-微波热解联合工艺。研究了芬顿-SBR-微波热解联合工艺实验条件;分析了SBR工艺运行稳定性;探讨了联合工艺处理液晶废水的反应机理。结果表明,在最佳实验条件下,芬顿-SBR联合工艺去除液晶废水COD高达99.6%,MLSS和SVI分别稳定在4 500 mg·L⁻¹和65%左右,出水COD为450~490 mg·L⁻¹,出水水质满足《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(GB/T 31962-2015)中B级标准。微波热解可把芬顿预处理产生的铁泥转热解成高附加值的氧化铁;芬顿预处理可将大分子有机物降解为小分子有机酸,提高出水的可生化性,为后续SBR的稳定运行提供保证。     

牛骨粉为晶种的磷酸钙结晶法回收污泥发酵液中磷

以牛骨粉为晶种材料,研究不同的反应条件对磷酸钙结晶法回收污泥碱性发酵液中磷的影响。结果表明,最优反应条件为:搅拌时间2 h,pH=10.0,Ca/P摩尔比2.0,在此条件下,发酵液的浓度升高会降低磷的回收率,且成线性关系。运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、EDX元素分析等测试方法分析晶体的组分,并与其他晶种的效果作对比,结果表明,以牛骨粉为晶种,产生的羟基磷酸钙晶体纯度更高。在实验得到的最优条件下进行流化床小试实验,可得以牛骨粉为晶种的磷酸钙结晶法磷的回收率可达89.8%,验证了以牛骨粉为晶种回收污泥发酵液中的磷在小试水平上的可行性。     

Societal implications of a changing Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is undergoing rapid change: sea ice is being lost, waters are warming, coastlines are eroding, species are moving into new areas, and more. This paper explores the many ways that a changing Arctic Ocean affects societies in the Arctic and around the world. In the Arctic, Indigenous Peoples are again seeing their food security threatened and cultural continuity in danger of disruption. Resource development is increasing as is interest in tourism and possibilities for trans-Arctic maritime trade, creating new opportunities and also new stresses. Beyond the Arctic, changes in sea ice affect mid-latitude weather, and Arctic economic opportunities may re-shape commodities and transportation markets. Rising interest in the Arctic is also raising geopolitical tensions about the region. What happens next depends in large part on the choices made within and beyond the Arctic concerning global climate change and industrial policies and Arctic ecosystems and cultures.     

喀斯特洞穴晶体生长速率的古气候重建意义

为了从石笋中提取更多的古气候信息,以用于气候预测,需要研究现代洞穴沉积过程与周围环境变化的关系。本文通过对贵州5个洞穴现代沉积玻片上菱形方解石的长度与滴水变率观测研究发现,在洞穴滴水不间断的情况下,滴水变率较小的滴水点,菱形方解石晶体长轴生长速率较快,反之,生长速率较慢。反映在石笋中,石笋晶体粒径较大说明处于降水稳定时期,石笋晶体粒径较小指示沉积时期降水变率较大,气候不稳定。     

RESt3/NiDBC可环境消纳聚乙烯地膜研制及NiDBC晶体结构表征

以硬脂酸共生稀土(RESt3)和二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸镍(NiDBC)为复合光敏剂研制可环境消纳聚乙烯(PE)地膜,采用X-射线单晶衍射仪表征了NiDBC晶体结构,对其光敏调节机理作了初步探讨。将研制的PE地膜进行人工加速老化实验、户外曝晒实验及自然环境土壤填埋试验,以断裂伸长率保留率（F）和羰基指数（CI）作为评价PE地膜的光降解性能指标。结果表明：改变RESt3/NiDBC的用量能生产出不同光降解诱导期的PE地膜,可实现PE地膜降解的可控性;将经生物活性剂表面处理过的白云石粉,N、P、K肥料和RESt3/NiDBC复合光敏剂按一定比例添加到PE地膜中,既能有效提高其降解的彻底性,又可适当改良酸性土壤。     

气候变暖背景下典型冰川储量变化及其特征 ——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

冰储量变化与冰川水资源变化及其对河川径流的贡献有密切关系。论文以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例,基于雷达测厚、冰川测图等多年实测资料,通过GIS技术,计算出该冰川不同时期的储量值,并对其变化特征进行分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1962、1981、1986、2001和2006年的储量分别为10 736.7×10⁴、10 296.2×10⁴、9 989.4×10⁴ m³、8 797.9×10⁴和8 115.0×10⁴ m³。1962-2006年44 a间,在气候变暖背景下,冰储量亏损24.4%,厚度减薄12.1%,面积减小14.0%,最大长度缩短7.6%,且均呈加速趋势。1981年之前,冰川面积和长度的减小是造成冰储量减少的主要原因;1981-2001年,冰川厚度、面积、长度的减小共同造成储量的减少,面积的缩小仍是主导因素;2001年以后,冰川厚度的减薄成为冰储量减少的主要因素。     

环渤海地区海冰水资源农业利用研究

环渤海地区盐碱滩涂地面积广阔,淡水资源紧缺现状制约着该地区土地资源开发和农业利用。新型海冰水资源的开发和利用有望打开这种尴尬局面。实验结果表明:海冰水灌溉下台田土壤耕作层平均盐分含量为2.45 g/kg,可以保障土壤耕层安全;3 g/L海冰水灌溉与无灌溉处理相比,油葵增产31.3%、甜高粱总糖量增产21.2%、紫花苜蓿增产27.0%。可见以海冰水为水源的"台田-浅池"综合利用模式对环渤海地区改良和利用盐碱地具有重要的参考价值。