Biological effects of water soluble fraction of crude oil on the Arctic sea ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii

With increasing petroleum related activity in the Barents Sea and the subsequent risk of accidents, there is a demand for knowledge about the effect of oil pollution in Arctic ecosystems. In the present study, the sea ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii was exposed to a water soluble fraction (WSF) of oil in two experiments, using a rock column system. First, three groups of adult females were exposed for 36 days for control (n=9), low dose (n=10) (initial and final oil concentration: 14, 115 and 120 μ g/l) and high dose (n=10) (initial and final oil concentration: 78, 764 and 395 μ g/l). Total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase activity (CAT), respiration rate and mortality were measured. In the second experiment, moulting rate was measured in immature individuals of two groups, control (n=10) and exposed (n = 20), over 113 days. No mortality was observed in either of the experiments. There was a dose-related significant increase in respiration rate (40.69 (±22.82), 55.63 (±20.98), 94.57 (±22.80)) mg O₂ h^?1g ww^?1 in control, low dose and high dose, respectively. A higher MDA level was detected in the low dose group (25.04 (±6.00) nmol g^?1 of tissue) compared to both control (20.44 (±2.62) nmol g^?1 of tissue) and high dose groups (20.93 (±4.79) nmol g^?1 of tissue). Likewise, the low dose group had the highest value of TOSC towards hydroxyl (727.74 (±475.58), 1157.58 (±278.62), 1067.30 (±369.22) TOSC unit value mg^?1 of protein for control, low and high dose, respectively). Although no difference in the catalase activity between control and exposed groups was detected, higher activity was measured at 0 °C (average: 248 μ mol^?1 min^?1 mg^?1 of protein) than at the standard temperature for catalase measurement of 25 °C (average: 140 μ mol^?1 min^?1 mg^?1 of protein), indicating a need to optimise the standard operational procedure when working with Arctic organisms. No effect of WSF exposure on moulting rate was detected. In conclusion, little mortality was observed during the experiments, indicating some degree of tolerance levels. However, the biomarker results indicated sub-lethal effects in G. wilkitzkii after exposure to WSF.     

西藏那曲地区夏季降水中生物冰核的分布特征

于2013年6~10月在高海拔的西藏那曲地区采集雨水样品,共获得6月份和7月份两个有效样品.通过液滴冻结实验,对雨水样品中大于0.22μm的气溶胶颗粒物的冰核活性进行检测,同时对不同处理(原样雨水、滤液、添加蛋白变性剂、加热煮沸)的雨水样品的冻结温度进行检测.结果显示,6月份和7月份原样雨水样品的平均冻结温度分别为-13.3℃和-8.7℃.在-10℃以上,雨水样品中存在对蛋白变性剂和加热敏感的生物冰核,但不同月份雨水中的生物冰核对雨水液滴的冻结所起的贡献不同.7月份雨水样品中的高效生物冰核对液滴在较高温度下冻结起到主要的催化作用,而6月份雨水样品中的生物冰核对液滴冻结未起到显著作用.经0.22μm滤膜过滤的雨水滤液样品中,仍然存在高效生物冰核,但目前尚未确定其主要成分.通过对雨水样品中细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌rRNA内转录间隔区及5.8S rRNA的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2基因进行克隆测序分析,获得西藏那曲地区夏季6月份和7月份雨水样品中细菌和真菌的群落组成.发现微生物群落组成中包含了具有高效生物冰核活性的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)细菌和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌.     

冰力作用下穿越河流输水管线的可靠性分析

针对我国北方河冰灾害情况,分析了冰力作用下穿越河流输水管道的受力情况,研究了其失效模式,提出了冰荷载的计算模型;在此基础上,建立了输水管道在冰荷载作用下安全裕度方程,提出了冰力作用下输水管线可靠性的计算方法,并结合实际计算,验证了方法的适用性.     

A COMPARISON OF GEOSTATISTICAL METHODOLOGIES USED TO ESTIMATE SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT1

ABSTRACT: The need to monitor and forecast water resources accurately, particularly in the western United States, is becoming increasingly critical as the demand for water continues to escalate. Consequently, the National Weather Service (NWS) has developed a geostatistical model that is used to obtain areal estimates of snow water equivalent (the thtal water content in all phases of the snowpack), a major source of water in the West. The areal snow water equivalent estimates are used to update the hydrologic simulation models maintained by the NWS and designed to produce extended streamflow forecasts for river systems throughout the United States. An alternative geostatistical technique has been proposed to estimate snow water equivalent. In this research, we describe the two methodologies and compare the accuracy of the estimates produced by each technique. We illustrate their application and compare their estimation accuracy using snow data collected in the North Fork Clearwater River basin in Idaho.     

SNOWPACK CHANGES RESULTING FROM TIMBER HARVEST INTERCEPTION,REDISTRIBUTION, AND EVAPORATION1

ABSTRACT: Three processes were examined as causing snowpack changes in forest clearings. Two of the three contribute to increases and one counteracts by reducing snowpack. The two that increase snowpack are redistribution and decreased loss to interception. Snow evaporation from a clearing counteracts snowpack increases. Research has indicated that as vegetation density increases, so too does the loss to interception. As snow in the canopy reaches the limit that the canopy can hold (the threshold amount) evaporation increases. Aerodynamics of the forest canopy were studied as well. As timber is cut, wind patterns are disturbed, creating disruptions in the wind velocity gradient depositing snow in openings. This redistribution leads to an increased snow water equivalent and augments runoff. Snow evaporation was shown to increase proportionally with opening size. Evaporation offsets the water yield gains derived from forest cut. It was found that this offset is inclusive to the measurements of water yield changes in experimental forests. An optimal size of harvest block may be five tree heights in width as suggested by numerous studies.     

PRODUCTION PROCESSES UNDER THE ICE IN LAKE ST. CLAIR II. NUTRIENTS (SILICATE) AS A LIMITING FACTOR1

ABSTRACT: During the winter of 1972 nutrient concentrations beneath the ice, and snow when present, were measured at three stations in Lake St. Clair. Nutrient patterns are compared and discussed in relation to primary production. Typically nutrient concentrations were high for a few weeks after ice formation and high again in the spring with mid-winter declines. At station 3 soluble reactive silica appeared to influence primary production and chlorophyll a. Nutrient limitation was not detected at the other two stations. The nutrient patterns, primary production and temperature provide evidence that a water mass or plume peculiar to the inflowing Thames River moves down the southeastern side of the lake beneath the ice.     

我国渤海海域的海冰灾害及其防御对策

渤海海域的海冰灾害对开发和利用渤海海洋资源有重要影响,本文讨论了渤海海冰的形成、发展、冰情及其灾害,并对防灾对策提出了建议,即加强渤海海冰监测、海冰预报,进行海冰烈度区划,开展渤海海冰物理力学性能研究,检测现有近海结构物,改进近海结构物的设计,并相应开展与渤海海洋工程有关的科研工作。     

OXYGEN DEMAND IN ICE COVERED LAKES AS IT PERTAINS TO WINTER AERATION1

ABSTRACT: Winterkill, the death of fish under ice due to oxygen deficiency, threatens hundreds of shallow lakes in the upper Midwest of the United States every winter. For decades, attempts have been made to prevent winterkill, usually through aeration, with mixed results. In large part, the failure of strategies to prevent winterkill can be linked to a lack of understanding of winter limnology and in particular, of oxygen dynamics under ice. Most winterkill lakes behave as closed systems with regard to oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen content of an ice and snow covered lake is essentially a function of the amount of initial storage and the rate of depletion. Should the stored oxygen be insufficient to prevent near anoxia before melting of the ice cover occurs, winterkill will result. Most oxygen consumption in ice covered lakes is due to bacterial respiration and chemical oxidation at the sediment/water interface, the remainder occurring in the water column. Oxygen consumption (and thus depletion) is a function of the velocity and oxygen concentration of the near sediment water. This is due to the fact that oxygen transport to the sediment is mediated by a diffusive boundary layer adjacent to the sediment surface. Winter oxygen depletion rates decrease when the oxygen concentration of the overlying water falls below about 3 mg/l. Aeration techniques which increase the oxygen concentration and velocity of the near-sediment water also increase the oxygen consumption (depletion) rate.     

A STAGE DISTRIBUTION APPROACH TO ESTIMATING ICE RELATED FLOODING PROBABILITIES1

ABSTRACT: A procedure is presented for estimating flooding probabilities resulting from either open water or ice condition events. The methodology involves individually fitting a distribution function to water stages from open water and ice events and determining the composite probability of exceedence of any stage value. The parameters of the two distribution functions are estimated using censored maximum likelihood. The approach is evaluated with a Monte Carlo sampling program and is applied to estimate flooding probabilities on the Yukon River.     

呼玛河冰灾害试验研究

为了了解高寒地区水工建筑物受春季流冰的威胁程度，选取呼玛河冰为研究对象。通过一系列单轴无侧限抗压强度试验，就温度与加载速率对河冰抗压强度、应力-应变关系、弹性模量的影响进行了研究。利用统计分析与曲线拟合，得出了抗压强度与温度间的相关关系。在呼玛大桥现场进行了流冰撞击桥墩的动态测量，取得了相应的实测数据，为研究冰-结构相互作用提供了有用的资料。