酞酸酯在海河干流水体和菹草中的分布

于2008年3月29日~5月25日对海河干流水体和水生植物菹草中酞酸酯的分布进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体和菹草中均检出了酞酸二丁酯(DBP)和酞酸二异辛酯(DEHP),水体中DBP、DEHP的浓度分别为0.35~40.68μg/L(均值7.32μg/L)和3.54~101.2μg/L(21.72μg/L);菹草中DBP、DEHP浓度分别为0.007~0.242μg/g(0.078μg/g)和0.163~1.286μg/g(0.457μg/g),菹草生长旺盛期DBP和DEHP浓度最高,浓度变化主要受水体中DBP和DEHP浓度的影响;菹草中DBP和DEHP的PCF值显著大于1,为生长初期最高,衰败期最低;DBP在菹草中浓度及其PCF值均低于DEHP.海河水体中菹草生物巨大,因此菹草是酞酸酯这类疏水性有机污染物的一个重要的汇.     

上海滨岸沉积物、上覆水中N含量及时空变化

综合分析了上海海岸潮滩表层沉积物有上覆水中营养盐N的含量，结果显示，表层沉积物中NH4^ －N的含量在8月、2月有11月均很高，占50％－98％，在11月份NH4^ －N和NH3^－－N含量均显著增加；在空间分布上，长江口南岸无机氮含量普遍高于杭州湾北岸，其中NH4^ －N含量峰值出现在SDK和BLG，NH3^－－N的沿程分布与NH4^ －N较为一致，二者均受到排污有长江入海径流输入的影响。上覆水中在2月和8月NH^－－N含量普遍高于NH2^－－N和NH4^ －N，而在11月NH4^ －N的含量则明显增加，并超过了NH3^0－N；无机氮沿程分布呈现较大地区差异的特点，而且NH3^－－N含量普通高于NH4^ －N（SDK、WSK、LC除外），这受污水排放和所在沉积环境等多因素控制。在对比分析从20世纪80年代至2000年近20年间上海海岸带无机氮含量的变化趋势，发现上海滨岸水及沉积物总体质量在不断下降。其中滨岸水体岸以国家海水水质标准进行评价，发现各采样点无机氮含量均超过四类海水的标准，而且最大超标幅度达到了9．54倍，形势不容乐观。     

昆明市水源区不同利用类型坡地径流氮和磷的输出特征

采用径流小区法对昆明市松华坝水源区牧羊河中游5种不同利用类型坡地2007年雨季地表径流氮和磷的输出情况进行观测分析.结果表明,随着雨季降雨次数的增加,径流小区产生的水样中,输出的ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)逐渐下降,在7月3日—9月17日的7次采样中,裸地、黄豆地、林地、土豆地和草地径流输出的ρ(TN)分别下降83.2%,79.8%,78.4%,75.9%和75.3%;输出的ρ(TP)分别下降74.6%,62.2%,54.2%,75.3%和72.1%,由此说明氮和磷的输出与地表径流及土壤侵蚀具有一致性.在氮和磷的输出过程中,强降雨对输出影响较大,施肥对输出影响明显.输出的可溶态氮素主要以NO₃--N为主.      

Detection limits can influence the interpretation of pesticide monitoring data in Canadian surface waters

Water quality monitoring programs rely on residue data that are frequently left censored, due to some observations occurring below the Method Detection Limit (MDL). Our objective was to determine the influence the MDL has on the interpretation of pesticide residues in surface waters. Water samples from tributaries in southern and central Ontario were collected by Environment Canada from 2003 to 2008 and were analyzed for 27 pesticides, with MDLs that averaged 7.02 ng⁻¹ L (range 0.39-25.1 ng⁻¹ L). We then simulated MDLs ranging from 25 to 1700 ng⁻¹ L, to determine the impact this would have on the reporting of pesticide concentrations and detections. The mean number of pesticides detected simultaneously declined with increasing, i.e. less sensitive MDLs, from 5.02 pesticides (native MDL) to 0.08 pesticides detected (MDL < 1700 ng⁻¹ L). We compared the proportion of sites where pesticides were detected in surface waters under five MDL scenarios for 13 selected pesticides. The proportions decreased sharply with increasing MDLs. We calculated detection probabilities in an effort to compensate for higher MDLs using maximum likelihood; while adjusting for detection probabilities generally improved estimates of the presence of pesticides, as the MDLs increased the ability to compensate for detection probabilities deteriorated and became unviable at high MDLs. Depending on the method of substitution for observations below MDL (replacement with ½ × or 0 × MDL), the mean and median pesticide residues became increasingly over- and underestimated, respectively, at higher MDLs. Although monitoring programs that are focused on exceedences of water quality guidelines may not require low MDLs, the achievable goals of monitoring programs oriented towards other ecological and toxicological objectives may be limited by higher MDLs.     

Simultaneous determination of organochlorine pesticides and bisphenol A in edible marine biota by GC-MS

A study to assess the level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and bisphenol A (BPA) in edible marine biota collected from coastal waters of Malaysia was conducted using GC-MS and SPE extraction. An analytical method was developed and validated to measure the level of 15 OCPs and BPA simultaneously from five selected marine species. It was observed that some samples had low levels of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT and p,p′- DDD ranging from 0.50 ng g⁻¹ to 22.49 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (d.w) but significantly elevated level of endosulfan I was detected in a stingray sample at 2880 ng g⁻¹ d.w. BPA was detected in 31 out of 57 samples with concentration ranging from below quantification level (LOQ: 3 ng g⁻¹) to 729 ng g⁻¹ d.w. The presence of OCPs is most likely from past use although there is also indication of illegal use in recent times. The study also reveals that BPA is more widely distributed in coastal species caught off the coast of the most developed state. The potential health risk from dietary intakes of OCPs and BPA from the analysed fish species was negligible.     

我国不同区域水源水拉森指数比较分析

目前远距离调水已经成为解决区域水资源不足的一项重要措施。但在水源切换时,切换前后水源水的腐蚀性如果存在显著差异,可能会因腐蚀加剧而出现"黄水"或"红水"现象。因此,了解不同区域、不同类型水源的腐蚀性差异,对于科学合理地进行水资源调配具有重要意义。拉森指数(LR)是目前评价水质对铁质管网腐蚀程度的常用方法。本研究以14个城市的26个水源水为研究对象,对模拟常规工艺处理后的滤后水进行了水质分析,并计算出其拉森指数。结果表明,相对于湖库水和地下水,河流水的拉森指数偏高,有44%的河流水拉森指数大于1,具有较强的腐蚀倾向。按区域分华东和中南地区、按流域分黄河和珠江流域的水源水拉森指数平均值大于1,水源切换条件下应关注其腐蚀性情况。     

Predicting EDC concentrations in a river mixing zone

The fate and transport of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in ambient river waters is a major concern associated with effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the spatial distribution of EDCs in a river mixing zone. The core of the technical analysis is based on a two-dimensional steady-state analytical model characterized by ambient turbulence in the receiving water. This model was first calibrated with mass transport data from field measurements for a conservative substance (electrical conductivity) and then used to predict aqueous-phase EDC concentrations throughout a WWTP mixing zone. To demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology for water quality management purposes, the modeling framework presented in this paper was used to determine a lumped in-stream attenuation rate constant (k_d = 3 d⁻¹) for 17β-estradiol under natural conditions. This rate constant likely accounts for the combined contributions of physical sorption, photolysis, microbial and chemical degradation, and the measured value is highly consistent with previously published results from bench-scale removal experiments.     

Chemical and physical characterization of produced waters from conventional and unconventional fossil fuel resources

Characterization of produced waters (PWs) is an initial step for determining potential beneficial uses such as irrigation and surface water discharge at some sites. A meta-analysis of characteristics of five PW sources [i.e. shale gas (SGPWs), conventional natural gas (NGPWs), conventional oil (OPWs), coal-bed methane (CBMPWs), tight gas sands (TGSPWs)] was conducted from peer-reviewed literature, government or industry documents, book chapters, internet sources, analytical records from industry, and analyses of PW samples. This meta-analysis assembled a large dataset to extract information of interest such as differences and similarities in constituent and constituent concentrations across these sources of PWs. The PW data analyzed were comprised of 377 coal-bed methane, 165 oilfield, 137 tight gas sand, 4000 natural gas, and 541 shale gas records. Majority of SGPWs, NGPWs, OPWs, and TGSPWs contain chloride concentrations ranging from saline (>30 000 mg L⁻¹) to hypersaline (>40 000 mg L⁻¹), while most CBMPWs were fresh (<5000 mg L⁻¹). For inorganic constituents, most SGPW and NGPW iron concentrations exceeded the numeric criterion for irrigation and surface water discharge, while OPW and CBMPW iron concentrations were less than the criterion. Approximately one-fourth of the PW samples in this database are fresh and likely need minimal treatment for metal and metalloid constituents prior to use, while some PWs are brackish (5000-30 000 mg Cl⁻ L⁻¹) to saline containing metals and metalloids that may require considerable treatment. Other PWs are hypersaline and produce a considerable waste stream from reverse osmosis; remediation of these waters may not be feasible. After renovation, fresh to saline PWs may be used for irrigation and replenishing surface waters.     

Aqueous free radical chemistry of mercury in the presence of iron oxides and ambient aerosol

The effect of goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe₂0₃) and maghemite (γ-Fe₂0₃) on the aqueous photoreduction of divalent mercury with organic acids (oxalate, formate and acetate) is investigated. Laboratory photochemistry experiments with synthetic iron oxides and simulated sunlight were performed to assess the role of the oxides on the photoreduction. Ambient aerosol was also collected and introduced as the solid phase to compare its effect with that of synthetic oxides. It is observed that the presence of various iron oxides or aerosol particles enhances the photoreduction. It is also found that the hydroxyl radicals produced in the hematite-oxalate systems can re-oxidize the reduced mercury back to Hg(II). Based on the experimental observations, mechanisms responsible for the Hg(II) reduction are proposed. The kinetics of Hg⁰ oxidation by hydroxyl radicals was also studied by a steady-state kinetic technique using nitrate photolysis as the * OH radical source. The second-order rate constant is determined to be 2.0 × 10⁹ M⁻ s⁻¹. The implications of the studied reactions on the atmospheric chemistry of mercury are discussed.     

Cloud point extraction of trace cyanide from environmental waters for indirect flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination

A method has been developed for indirect determination of cyanide in environmental waters based on cloud point extraction (CPE), preconcentration and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method was based on reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) in the presence of cyanide and complexation of the produced Cu(I)(CN)₂^? with gallocyanin (GC⁺) as an ion-pairing reagent at pH 4.0, followed by its extraction into polyethyleneglycol mono-p-nonylphenylether (Ponpe 7.5). Selectivity was improved with the use of suitable masking agents. Various factors influencing separation and preconcentration of cyanide have been investigated, and conditions were optimized, allowing determination of cyanide in the range of up to 1.2 mg L^?1 with a detection limit of 0.00045 mg L^?1. The method has been applied to the determination of cyanide in environmental waters, the results being in agreement with those obtained by a reference method.