NAPLs污染物垂向指流迁移分形表征中图像处理的影响研究

染色示踪技术是研究多孔介质中指流形态的主要手段之一,而如何更精确地对所采集的图像数据进行分析,是该研究工作中非常重要的组成部分.分形理论在染色示踪影像的基础上对指流形态进行定量描述,以质量分形维数(D m)表征渗流面积,以界面分形维数(D s)表征渗流驱替边界长度,对于识别和预测指流形态有一定的实际意义.而分形维数的计算基于二值化图像完成,因此明确图像二值化过程对分形维数表征的影响对分形维数的应用有重要意义.本研究以4种非水相流体在二维砂箱中迁移的130幅染色图像为目标影像,详细比较了图像预处理过程中不同饱和度(红色)阈值、不同亮度(灰度)阈值以及图形中"湖"的填充3个因素分别对D m和D s的影响.结果表明,在砂箱实验中,与田间实验相比由于染色污染物与石英砂颜色对比度较大,红色阈值调整对两种分形维数影响相对较小;随着灰度阈值的提高D m平均降低0.02,D s平均增加0.05;图形中"湖"的填充对D m几乎没有影响,而使D s平均降低0.10.研究发现与D s相比,D m在图像处理过程中受各种因素影响较小,建议在进一步研究中以D m为指流形态指示指标以避免图形处理过程中主观因素的影响.     

就森林资源谈林副产品加工专业的发展前景

本文通过对国内外森林资源利用概况及我校林副产品加工专业的现状分析,阐述了该专业的发展前景。     

李子风味产品加工技术

为发展衡阳农村经济，解决果农卖李难的问题．结合本人多年的实践，阐述李子风味产品加工工艺，剖析存在问题，提出解决办法，对发展我市农副产品加工业具有实际指导意义．     

半密闭罩在酸雾治理中的应用

阐述酸洗工艺线酸雾的产生原因及其危害，通过对2种集气罩：槽边吹—吸式集气罩和半密闭(加罩裙)罩的设计比较，说明采用合适的集气罩形式对酸雾治理的效果影响是巨大的，同时也可降低一定的初期投资和设备运行费用。     

基于MAWEI指数的水体信息提取方法

遥感技术是快速而又准确获取水体信息的有效途径,对水资源管理与评估有着重要意义。以福州市闽江、贵阳市百花水库、曲靖市南盘江和泰安市东平湖区域Landsat 8影像为基础,构建改进的自动水体提取指数（MAWEI）对水体信息进行提取,利用目视解译结果作为精度验证数据,量化不同水体指数在多种环境条件下的水体提取精度。研究结果表明：（1）面向对象的分类方法改善了面向像素方法存在“椒盐现象”的缺点;（2）MAWEI、AWEInsh、AWEIsh和MNDWI四种水体指数在最优提取阈值的情况下,MAWEI指数提取水体的精度最高,效果最佳。且通过实验发现不同环境条件下MAWEI水体指数的稳定性较好。MAWEI指数可用于快速有效地提取大面积水体信息,能满足大面积的水体快速制图和土地利用的分类,对水体信息快速提取具有较强的应用价值,值得推广。     

Emission factors of particulate matter, CO and CO2 in the pyrolytic processing of typical electronic wastes

A self-designed experimental device was employed to simulate the pyrolytic dismantling process of selected electronic wastes(E-wastes), including printed wiring boards(PWBs)and plastic casings. The generated particulate matter(PM) of different particle sizes, carbon monoxide(CO) and carbon dioxide(CO_2) were determined, and the corresponding emission factors(EFs) were estimated. Finer particles with particle sizes of 0.4–2.1 μm accounted for78.9% and 89.3% of PM emitted by the pyrolytic processing of PWBs and plastic casings,respectively, and the corresponding EFs were 9.68 ± 4.81 and 18.49 ± 7.2 g/kg, respectively.The EFs of CO and CO_2 from PWBs and plastic casings were 55.9 ± 26.9 and 1182 ± 439 g/kg,and 133.6 ± 34.6 and 2827 ± 276 g/kg, respectively. Compared with other emission sources,such as coal, biomass, and traffic exhaust, the EFs of E-wastes were relatively higher,especially for PM. There were significant positive correlations(p 0.05) of the initial contents of carbon and nitrogen in PWBs with the related EFs of PM, CO, and CO_2, while the correlations for plastic casings were insignificant. The EFs of CO of PWBs were significantly positively correlated with the corresponding EFs of PM and the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs); however, the same result was not observed for plastic casings.     

Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis.This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.     

基于全极化SAR影像的双台河口湿地分类及其变化分析

为了研究辽东湾双台河口湿地变化原因,对该地区全极化SAR影像进行湿地分类.引入Freeman分解建模全极化SAR影像,得到二面角散射、体散射、表面散射的散射功率,利用SVM分类法对散射机制假彩色影像进行分类,进而确定该地区的湿地分布情况.通过对比分析2007年与2016年的湿地分布情况,同时考虑区域特性和数据的可获取性,选取盘锦市年降水量、年均气温、年径流量、海平面高度、城市建成面积、原油年产量、水产品年产量和逐年GDP等8个驱动因子,研究双台河口湿地变化的驱动机制.结果表明:①全极化SAR影像分类结果总精度达到80.25%,较光学影像的分类精度提升7.43%,并且可将芦苇湿地进一步细分为芦苇池塘和芦苇草甸;②2016年双台河口各湿地面积占比依次为草本沼泽（28.54%）>浅海水域（22.44%）>灌丛沼泽（16.88%）>水产养殖厂（9.54%）>河流（8.91%）>稻田（7.58%）>淤泥质沙滩（6.11%）;③不同湿地的变化原因有所差异,驱动因子也不尽相同,如水产品年产量增加是水产养殖厂转化为淤泥质沙滩的直接驱动因子,而气温上升等自然因素和城市建成区面积增长等社会因素是草本沼泽退化和变化的主要驱动因子.研究显示,全极化SAR影像较光学影像更适合湿地分类,而双台河口湿地自然湿地减少和人工湿地增加是自然和社会因素共同作用的结果.      

Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.     

西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料腐蚀形貌识别

目的获得西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料的表面腐蚀形貌参数,分析其腐蚀规律。方法采用室外大气暴露试验,研究5052铝合金、304不锈钢和EH36低合金钢在西沙海洋大气环境中的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀规律,并采用图像数字处理方法识别试样表面腐蚀特征。结果 EH36钢的大气腐蚀形貌以均匀腐蚀和腐蚀坑为主,而5052铝合金以及304不锈钢以点蚀为主,EH36低合金钢的腐蚀速率明显高于5052铝合金和304不锈钢。三种典型材料腐蚀面积百分比与腐蚀坑面积百分比的变化趋势相同,5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与二者腐蚀速率变化规律一致,而304不锈钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与其腐蚀速率变化规律相反。5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目均大于2年周期试样,而对于304不锈钢,1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目与2年周期试样差别不大。结论西沙大气环境中,三种典型材料的腐蚀速率、腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比均有明显不同,对同一种材料,其正面的腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比、腐蚀坑数与背面也有较大差别。