用固体废物生产高附加值产品的探讨

随着我国经济的发展和固废综合利用技术的进步,对固体废物进行深加工,赋予更多的科技含量,开发生产高附加值的产品,已经成为可能而且也十分必要。对粉煤灰、高炉矿渣、煤矸石等多种固废的深加工利用进行了一些探讨。     

臭氧接触反应器气液两相流数字图像处理方法与实验分析

在单相数字粒子图像测速度(PIV)技术的基础上,研究气液两相流动的PIV图像处理方法,采用数字掩模技术对不同相的流动信息进行标记、识别、提取与计算,编辑了相应的软件.运用改进后的PIV方法对臭氧接触反应器中气-液体两相流动进行了测试与分析.结果表明,臭氧接触反应器中液相轴向流速分布是决定反应器内水力特性的主导因素;进气流量直接影响反应器内液气两相的流速分布;随进气流量的提高,液气两相的轴向速度和横向速度均增大,同时反应器流动结构与流程分布会发生较大变化.     

气升式反应器气液两相流流态特性模拟

为了研究曝气强度对气升式反应器内气液两相流特性的影响,组合多相流Eulerian—Eulerian模型和液相Standardk-ε湍流模型,运用Fluent软件建立了气升式反应器内气液两相流的三维非稳态数值模拟。在曝气管布局方式一定的情况下,模拟计算获得了反应器内x轴截面处不同径向位置的气含率、液速分布情况,计算结果表明,在本文研究的曝气强度范围内,气含率随着曝气强度增加而增加,越靠近曝气池底部,升流区局部气含率越高,且气含率值波动较大;随着曝气强度的增加,曝气孔附近液速增加较明显,但随着气液两相流的上升,液速增加幅度降低;同时采用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对液相速度进行了实验研究,实验结果与模拟结果吻合性较好。     

Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.     

Distribution of copper,silver and gold during thermal treatment with brominated flame retardants

The growing consumption of electric and electronic equipment results in creating an increasing amount of electronic waste. The most economically and environmentally advantageous methods for the treatment and recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) are the thermal techniques such as direct combustion, co-combustion with plastic wastes, pyrolysis and gasification. Nowadays, this kind of waste is mainly thermally treated in incinerators (e.g. rotary kilns) to decompose the plastics present, and to concentrate metals in bottom ash. The concentrated metals (e.g. copper, precious metals) can be supplied as a secondary raw material to metal smelters, while the pyrolysis of plastics allows the recovery of fuel gases, volatilising agents and, eventually, energy. Indeed, WEEE, such as a printed circuit boards (PCBs) usually contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs). From these materials, hydrobromic acid (HBr) is formed as a product of their thermal decomposition.In the present work, the bromination was studied of copper, silver and gold by HBr, originating from BFRs, such as Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Tetrabromobisphenol A-Tetrabromobisophenol A diglycidyl ether (TTDE) polymer; possible volatilization of the bromides formed was monitored using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a laboratory-scale furnace for treating samples of metals and BFRs under an inert atmosphere and at a wide range of temperatures. The results obtained indicate that up to about 50% of copper and silver can evolve from sample residues in the form of volatile CuBr and AgBr above 600 and 1000 °C, respectively. The reactions occur in the molten resin phase simultaneously with the decomposition of the brominated resin. Gold is resistant to HBr and remains unchanged in the residue.     

混凝-超滤组合工艺处理鱼粉加工废水

鱼粉加工废水COD_Cr很高,需要进行处理后才能排入市政管网。开发了混凝-超滤组合处理鱼粉加工废水的新工艺,确定了混凝剂、助凝剂的最佳投量,以及超滤膜工艺的运行参数。实验结果表明,利用混凝-超滤组合工艺处理鱼粉加工废水,处理后的水COD_Cr为264 mg/L,达到《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(CJ343-2010)的排放标准。     

卫星影像和高程数据在农村环境质量试点监测中的应用

大量长期地使用农用塑料薄膜,导致邻苯二甲酸酯类的监测结果出现超标。邻苯二甲酸酯类的污染形势不容乐观。结合桂林市农村环境质量试点监测工作,参考全国生态环境监测与评价工作的技术方法,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像对试点监测村进行了农膜覆盖面积的统计。针对桂林市的丘陵地貌特征,利用高程数据对统计结果进行修正,提高了农膜覆盖面积统计的准确度。同时还对试点监测村周边区域的农膜覆盖情况进行了粗略统计和分析,确定了将来的重点调查目标区域,为将来深入调查邻苯二甲酸酯类污染状况、制定防治方案提供了一定的参考。     

宣威肺癌高发区冬季室内PM_(10)的微观形貌特征

高浓度的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)会对人体多个系统产生损害,室内PM10是宣威肺癌的发生的重要影响因素。应用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术研究了宣威肺癌高发区虎头村2008年冬季取暖期室内可吸入颗粒物的形貌特征以及不同种类颗粒物的数量-粒度和体积-粒度分布。结果表明,在数量-粒度分布上,烟尘集合体、矿物颗粒在虎头村呈现呈双峰分布,主峰为0.1～0.6μm,燃煤飞灰虎头村PM10数量贡献最大,说明虎头村燃煤污染严重;自然来源的不规则状沙尘对虎头村PM10的数量贡献更大;体积-粒度分布基本上呈单峰分布,1～2.5μm的颗粒物对质量浓度贡献较大。     

千将坪滑坡特征信息遥感提取及滑坡成因机理分析

2003年7月13日,三峡库区湖北省秭归县沙镇溪镇千将坪村发生特大型滑坡灾害后,利用遥感图像信息提取技术,结合滑坡前后的高分辨率的遥感数据、地形图资料和野外所测的GPS控制点,制作出研究区滑坡前后的数字高程模型(DEM),在获取滑坡前后高分辨率卫星数据的基本上,采用合理的图像处理技术,获得了滑坡前后正射影像图。采用人机交互解译滑坡,详细地对比解译滑坡前后的图像,分别对滑体的滑动方向、距离和堆积体面积进行了定量计算,估算出其体积约为1 518万m3,在对比千将坪滑坡附近地区多年降雨和三峡库区一期蓄水的基础上,综合地质学、灾害学原理和地理空间信息技术等科学分析了滑坡的成因机理,认为千将坪“7.13”滑坡为古滑坡的复活,三峡库区蓄水和降雨综合作用是促使滑坡复活的主要诱发因素。