中国环境影响评价体系评估研究

从法规、管理机构、程序、参与人员、验收监测和强制执行、信息和技术支持等多个方面对中国环境影响评价体系的完备性和有效性进行了系统评估。评估表明,我国环境影响评价体系尚不够完备,突出的缺陷是缺少战略环境评价、缺少对替代方案和零方案的评估、缺乏公众参与、缺乏服务于环境影响评价体系的信息资源等,并提出了针对性的建议。      

Evaluating the conservation impact of Antarctica's protected areas

Antarctic specially protected areas (ASPAs) are a key regulatory mechanism for protecting Antarctic environmental values. Previous evaluations of the effectiveness of the ASPA system focused on its representativeness and design characteristics, presenting a compelling rationale for its systematic revision. Upgrading the system could increase the representation of values within ASPAs, but representation alone does not guarantee the avoided loss or improvement of those values. Identifying factors that influence the effectiveness of ASPAs would inform the design and management of an ASPA system with the greatest capacity to deliver its intended conservation outcomes. To facilitate evaluations of ASPA effectiveness, we devised a research and policy agenda that includes articulating a theory of change for what outcomes ASPAs generate and how; building evaluation principles into ASPA design and designation processes; employing complementary approaches to evaluate multiple dimensions of effectiveness; and extending evaluation findings to identify and exploit drivers of positive conservation impact. Implementing these approaches will enhance the efficacy of ASPAs as a management tool, potentially leading to improved outcomes for Antarctic natural values in an era of rapid global change. Evaluación del impacto de conservación de las áreas protegidas de la Antártida     

磷酸-磷铵企业SO2事故排放对植物危害的评价

根据某大型磷酸—磷铵企业40万t/a硫酸厂SO_2不同转化率下的事故排放影响预测结果,进行了磷酸—磷铵企业SO_2事故排放对植物危害的评价。评价结果表明,在所设定的气象条件下,SO_2转化率为66％、95％、97％时,事故排放的SO_2对敏感植物、中等敏感植物有不同程度的危害影响;但当SO_2转化率提高至99％或99.4％时,SO_2的地面浓度均低于0.26mg/m~3,接触SO_2 8h使任何植物产生伤害的叶片应在5％以下。     

景观影响评价中"景观"的内涵和应用探讨

针对目前不同学科对于景观概念存在多种不同的解释,文章对环境影响评价中所基于的景观概念的内涵进行了探讨,指出了景观科学具有边缘性和开放性的特点。并根据目前中国景观影响评价的实际情况,提出了一些建议。     

灾后复杂地形区域的测量测绘模型设计

灾后地形变化复杂,基于单一线性模型的测量测绘方法,测量灾区坡度陡、高差大等复杂地形时,无法有效拟合复杂地形趋势、获取高程点精度差,导致测量精确度较低。设计一种用于灾后复杂地形区域的测量测绘模型,在外部DEM辅助下精化灾区地形DEM,对灾区遥感InSAR影像进行干涉定标,实现干涉影像与外部DEM的精准对应;将多模型的线性回归策略与灾后复杂地形趋势相拟合,对解缠干涉影像图中全部影像快,通过多模型的线性回归,逐个像素精确的去除相位解缠中多余相位,过滤无价值高程点,得到有效灾区地形高程图,从中采集精确地灾后复杂地形区域高程点。实验结果表明,该模型可提高灾后复杂地形区域绘图精确度,对总体灾区地形InSAR影像测量效率高,测量的平均高程误差为±6.2cm,比单一线性模型低±3.77cm。     

Does corporate social performance reduce greenhouse gas emissions at the macro level?

Corporate social performance (CSP) is assumed to have a positive impact on macroeconomic sustainability, but empirical evidence of this impact is absent in the literature. The objective of this paper is to investigate the macro impacts of CSP. We first establish a conceptual framework on the relationship between CSP at the individual business level and sustainability at the macro level. Next, we empirically test the relationship between (averaged) CSP scores and greenhouse gas emissions at the macro level for 22 countries during 2004–2011. We use Granger causality tests to check for Granger causality. The estimation results show that CSP reduces greenhouse gas emissions, but the long-term effect is rather modest.     

Direct and indirect land-use change as prospective climate change indicators for peri-urban development transitions

With urban areas responsible for a significant share of total anthropogenic emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to land-use change (LUC) induced by peri-urban (PU) development have the potential to be considerable. Despite this, there is little research into the transition from PU cropland to housing in terms of contribution to global warming. This paper presents a cross-sectoral integrative method for prospective climate change evaluation of PU LUC. Specifically, direct LUC (dLUC) GHG emissions from converting PU cropland to greenfield housing were examined. Additionally, GHG emissions due to displaced crop production inducing indirect LUC (iLUC) elsewhere were assessed. GHG impacts of dLUC and iLUC were each determined to be approximately 8 per cent of total GHG emissions due to a greenfield housing development displacing PU cropland. This magnitude of dLUC and iLUC emissions suggests that both have importance in future land-use decision making with respect to PU environments.     

环境影响的IPAT模型再认识

伴随工业文明的发展,探究日益恶化环境问题的社会根源成为学术界激烈争论的议题,从人口规模与技术水平的单因素争论拓展到文化背景、政府类型和消费观念等多因素论的讨论,在横向上从宏观社会到微观个体层次的解释,最终形成经典的环境影响的IPAT模型,试图解释环境问题产生的复杂社会动力机制。本文通过国内外学者对IPAT模型的实证研究以及理论探讨梳理发现:模型中的因变量环境影响I以及自变量人口数量P、富裕程度A和技术水平T的内涵、完备性以及分析单位的适用性等方面备受争议。为了克服变量的局限,首先通过分解IPAT模型中T变量,进一步拓展模型中可能被忽略的对环境影响的多重因素;同时为了避免模型中不同因素对环境影响的同比例线性变化的局限性,将IPAT模型转化为非线性的STIRPAT随机模型,使各变量值随观察值的变化而变化;其次为了克服研究中忽视个体对环境影响差异性的不足,以"双重转换"理论为基础分析少数特权群体对环境造成不成比例的影响;最后面对分析单位以及分析情景的差异性与复杂性,基于"世界体系论"视角突破特定区域时空以国家间互动关系为分析单位对全球环境退化展开讨论。研究表明,IPAT模型的发展演变表明环境保护与经济发展关系逐渐从悲观的"零和"冲突走向协调发展的路径,有利于探索更加有效的举措应对全球复杂而严峻的环境问题,同时对新常态下中国推进生态文明建设具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

大陆居民对北京雾霾的旅游影响感知和态度研究

环境质量是影响目的地旅游竞争力和可持续发展的重要因素。近年来,中国大陆出现了大范围的严重空气质量问题,雾霾成为备受关注的环境问题,关于雾霾的成因及其影响和防治成为当前学术研究的热点。包括北京在内的许多旅游城市饱受雾霾的困扰,雾霾对旅游业的负面影响开始显现,并成为当前旅游发展和学术研究的新问题。北京是世界知名的旅游目的地,旅游业在北京经济社会发展中占有重要地位,科学揭示雾霾对北京作为目的地旅游市场需求的负面影响,对于丰富雾霾影响的认识以及深化旅游研究具有重要意义。本文利用问卷星和微信平台进行了在线问卷调查,通过滚雪球方式获得了大数量较高可靠性的样本数据,研究了京外大陆居民对北京雾霾的旅游影响感知及其决策行为倾向,分析了大陆居民对北京雾霾感知的群体差异。研究表明:1在国内外媒体的广泛报道、亲友的口耳相传以及亲身经历等渠道的综合影响下,大陆居民对北京的雾霾及旅游健康风险、旅游体验风险均有十分强烈的感知;2在雾霾的持续困扰下,北京国内旅游需求减弱,市场增长速度放缓,同时也加剧了北京旅游市场的季节波动;3高学历、高收入群体对北京雾霾的旅游影响更加敏感,雾霾严重地区的居民对北京雾霾的感知强度明显大于雾霾不严重地区的居民,雾霾严重地区的居民在旅游目的地选择方面也更加排斥北京。