南充市空气中可吸入颗粒物污染水平分析

本文在连续1年又5个月同步采样的基础上，测得南充市市辖三城区5个采样监测点环境空气中PM10的浓度及其时空变化进行了分析。结果表明，PM10的日平均浓度范围为0．020～1．030mg／m^3，超标率达38．0％；周日均浓度在0.040～0．520mg／m^3之间，超标率达到了37．8％。空气污染最重为嘉陵城区，其次为高坪城区，再次为石油学院、炼油厂和市府二院。浓度季节变化特征表现为冬季最高，其次为秋季，再次为春季，最轻为夏季。     

层次分析法在工业园区生态影响评价中的应用--攀枝花市高耗能工业园区生态环境影响探讨

目前生态影响评价研究中的评价对象、内容和方法缺乏统一的模式，本文以攀枝花高耗能园区的开发为例，尝试建立一套系统的工业园区开发生态影响评价方法，该方法以层次分析法为基础，将生态系统分解为经济发展、社会进步、环境保护、景观生态保护四个目标子系统，并在此基础上细化评价因子，通过专家打分和矩阵运算确定其权重，再根据适当的评价标准，运用指数法得出评价结果。结果表明该工业园区在建成前后，其生态综合指数由0．552提高到0．794．其级别由三级提高到二级，说明该园区生态系统总的状态得到改善，该工业园区项目开发可行。     

整治塔里木河上、中游用水结构,恢复和重建下游绿色走廊

塔里木河下游的卡拉到罗布庄(台特马湖口)，河道长度491kin，塔河中、上游大规模水土开发，使其下游的水量不断减少。从20世纪70年代开始，大西海子水库就成了塔里木河最终归宿地，两大沙漠在绿色走廊的多处合拢。绿色走廊生态危机已越来越显露出来，遏制塔河下游生态恶化趋势刻不容缓，重新构筑绿色长城不能在延误了。笔者于2002-10月和2004—05月先后两次对塔河中、下游地区进行实地考察，在实地考察和前人研究资料的基础上，对整治塔河上、中游，恢复和重建下游绿色走廊问题进行探讨。     

美国油气开发钻井废物排放管理法规浅析

钻井是石油天然气勘探开发过程中的重要环节,钻井过程中污染物的排放管理也受到各国普遍的重视。对钻井污染物的特点进行了分析,在此基础上概括地介绍了美国的相关环境管理法规体系。重点论述了与钻井排污有关的资源保护与补偿法、安全饮用水法、清洁水法等,总结了可供我国借鉴的若干法规、标准制定的理念和方法。     

红外光度法测定石油类和动植物油常见问题探讨

根据石油类在波数为2930cm-1、2960 cm-1、3030 cm-1全部或部分谱带处有物征吸收的原理,采用红外光度测油仪和水样絮凝富集技术测定石油类、动植物油。     

大气环境立法新动向

大气环境法是随大气环境的变化而发展的。通过分析美、日、中等国家近年来的大气环境立法状况，概括出目前大气环境立法的五大趋势。这些趋势反映了人们对大气污染防治问题认识的深入和对大气环境污染防治法律观念的转变。     

Exploiting Abstract Possibilities: A Critique of the Concept and Practice of Product Patenting

Developments in biotechnology and genomics have moved the issue of patenting scientific and technological inventions toward the center of interest. In particular, the patentability of genes of plants, animals, or humans and of genetically modified (parts of) living organisms has been discussed, and questioned, from various normative perspectives. This paper aims to contribute to this debate. For this purpose, it first explains a number of relevant aspects of the theory and practice of patenting. The focus is on a special and increasingly significant type of patents, namely product patents. The paper provides three general arguments against the concept and practice of product patenting. The first argument briefly considers the claim that patents are legitimate because they promote socially useful innovation. Against this claim, it is argued that product patents may hamper rather than promote such innovation. The second and main argument concludes that product patents are not adequately based on actual technological inventions, as they should be according to the usual criteria of patentability. The principal moral issue is that product patents tend to reward patentees for inventions they have not really made available. The final argument proposes a method for patenting the heat of the sun. Assuming that granting this patent will be generally considered absurd, the argument exposes a further, fundamental problem of the concept and practice of product patenting.     

Significant developments in sustainable development law and governance: A proposal

This article develops a practical proposal for progress on sustainable development law. It examines the prospects for an international sustainable development law to provide a framework for more effective, coherent governance. Sustainable development law is briefly defined and an analytical framework is provided. Different degrees of integration between economic, social and environmental law are described. Certain principles of international law related to sustainable development are also highlighted. It is argued that these principles may serve to guide law‐makers and jurists where social, economic and environmental law and policy conflict or overlap. Continuing, underlying questions of sustainable development governance are addressed and its global frameworks analysed. The article also focuses on the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg in August‐September 2002, and its specific mandate for the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) to take related legal developments into account. The article advances a proposal: that governments, economic, social and environmental intergovernmental organizations and other actors establish a ‘network of inquiry’ with members from relevant groups, including legal and academic organizations, and other expert groups, in order to follow, research, analyse and debate legal developments in a balanced way.     

Hazardous wastes transboundary movement management: a case study in Taiwan

More than 50,000 tons of hazardous waste are imported and exported worldwide each year. Over 50% of hazardous waste is exported to Southeast Asia, of which leather waste is the major component. The exportation quantities of hazardous waste to Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries are decreasing while they are on the increase to non-OECD countries. Some of these wastes are intended for recycling purposes but the usage of some others is not stipulated. The hazardous waste importation quantity kept fairly steady from 1997 to 2000, of which ash or residues containing copper or copper compounds were the major component. Under existing regulations and measures, the transboundary movement of hazardous waste cannot be effectively controlled and monitored. In order to ensure environmentally sound hazardous waste management, EPA-Taiwan revised the Waste Disposal Act in 2001 and cooperated with the Industrial Development Bureau (IDB) to promote industrial waste reduction and recycling projects. Strategies were proposed based on evaluation according to the 3Es Principles and the site investigation in this study.     

Environmental assessment of supercritical water oxidation of sewage sludge

Environmental aspects of using supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) to treat sewage sludge were studied using a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The system studied is the first commercial scale SCWO plant for sewage sludge in the world, treating sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment facility in Harlingen, TX, USA. The environmental impacts were evaluated using three specific environmental attributes: global warming potential (GWP), photo-oxidant creation potential (POCP) and resource depletion; as well as two single point indicators: EPS2000 and EcoIndicator99. The LCA results show that for the described process, gas-fired preheating of the sludge is the major contributor to environmental impacts, and emissions from generating electricity for pumping and for oxygen production are also important. Overall, SCWO processing of undigested sewage sludge is an environmentally attractive technology, particularly when heat is recovered from the process. Energy-conserving measures and recovery of excess oxygen from the SCWO process should be considered for improving the sustainability potential.