煤制烯烃废水处理与回用技术解析

针对煤制烯烃项目废水的来源及水质特点,从生化处理技术与回用处理技术方面阐述了煤制烯烃废水处理现状及存在问题,展望了煤制烯烃废水处理与回用技术未来发展方向,指出了新型脱氮工艺、膜集成工艺及分质结晶技术在煤制烯烃废水处理中的可行性,为煤化工废水处理与资源化利用提供理论参考。     

Fe2+EDTA溶液络合-铁还原脱除烟气中NO

提出了“Fe2 螯合剂络合-铁粉还原-酸吸收”回收法脱除烟气中NO的新工艺,重点研究了模拟烟气中O2体积分数对NO络合量的影响,以及铁粉用量、铁粉粒径、搅拌速度对NO脱除效率的影响,确定了最佳的铁粉脱氮工艺条件,并对铁粉和铁屑的脱氮效果进行了比较。结果表明,烟气中O2的体积分数从0%增加到4.2%,NO络合量下降90.2%;NO脱除效率随铁粉用量和反应器搅拌速度的增加而增加,随铁粉粒径的增加而降低;过程的最佳工艺参数为,铁粉用量0.8g,铁粉粒径≤0.077mm,搅拌速度900r·min-1,在此条件下,对O2体积分数为5%的模拟烟气在搅拌反应器中可取得90%以上的NO脱除效率;用铁粉在1台搅拌反应器中取得的NO脱除效率和用铁屑在2个鼓泡反应器串联时所取得的效率相当。     

化学除磷条件下蚯蚓生态滤池污泥性质的试验研究

概述了蚯蚓生态滤池的研究进展,介绍了蚯蚓生态滤池化学除磷的工艺流程和设备参数;由试验得出氯化铁（FeCl3·6H2O）是蚯蚓生态滤池化学除磷的合适药剂,并确定最经济投加量为50mg／L;在此条件下,研究了化学除磷小试滤池产生的污泥性质,包括污泥产率的变化、重金属含量、污泥的脱水性能、污泥的稳定化程度以及污泥的最终处置方法。     

天津渤海湾近岸海域表层沉积物重金属环境质量评价及来源分析

本文根据天津近岸海域14个站位的调查结果,对表层沉积物中7种重金属元素（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As）的含量和分布特征进行了分析,通过潜在生态风险指数法和一致性沉积物质量标准评价了沉积物中重金属的环境质量,并采用多元统计分析的方法对重金属的来源进行了分析。研究结果显示：天津近海表层沉积物中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg的含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,仅Cu和As在少数站位出现超标现象;从空间分布来看,重金属含量呈现中部和南部海域较高、北部海域较低的分布特征;调查海域除Hg具有中等−强潜在生态风险外,其余重金属元素均处于轻微潜在生态风险等级,多种重金属综合潜在生态风险同样处于轻微−中等等级;As和Cr在部分站位高于重金属毒性效应阈值下限但未超过阈值上限,其余重金属元素含量均低于重金属毒性效应阈值下限,表明天津近海发生沉积物重金属生物毒性危害现象的概率较低;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr元素可能主要来源于自然过程,而As和Cd则主要来源于人类的工农业活动。     

Towards a long-term integrated monitoring programme in Europe: network design in theory and practice

Long-term integrated monitoring is an important approach forinvestigating, detecting and predicing the effects ofenvironmental changes. Currently, European freshwaters,glaciers, forests and other narural and semi-natural ecosystemsand habitats are monitored by a number of networks establishedby different organisations. However, many monitoring programmeshave a narrow focus (e.g. targeting individual ecosystems) andmost have different measurement protocols and sampling design.This has resulted in poor integration of ecosystem monitoring ata European level, leading to some overlapping of efforts and alack of harmonised data to inform policy decisions. The need fora consistent pan-European long-term integrated monitoring ofterrestrial systems programme is recognised in the scientificcommunity. However, the design of such a system can be problematic, not least because of the constraints imposed bythe need to make maximum use of existing sites and networks.Based on the outcomes of the NoLIMITS project (Networking ofLong-term Integrated Monitoring in Terrestrial Systems), thisarticle reviews issues that should be addressed in designing aprogramme based on existing monitoring sites and networks. Fourmajor design issues are considered: (i) users' requirements,(ii) the need to address multiple objectives, (iii) role ofexisting sites and (iv) operational aspects.     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

厌氧生物滴滤法脱除冷煤气中硫化氢的研究

水煤气中硫化氢在燃烧时会转变成二氧化硫,对环境产生污染。文章采用厌氧生物滴滤塔法对冷煤气进行脱硫处理。因煤气对氧的严格限制,通过设计生物滴滤塔,经挂膜驯化后在厌氧条件下对浓度在1~5 g/m3左右的硫化氢进行脱除处理,考察滴滤塔运行条件对脱除效果的影响。结果表明,生物挂膜25 d后,生物滴滤塔达到稳定,喷淋液pH值为2.23,ORP值为283 mV,溶解氧为0.4 mg/L,对溶液中硫离子氧化效率达到94%。滴滤塔在液气比0.15,空塔气速0.088 m/s,pH值5.0~7.0,填料高度为82 cm,塔温为25~30℃左右时,达到较优的运行条件,此时该滴滤塔对以CO、CO2、H2和1 940 mg/m3H2S组成的模拟水煤气的脱硫效率达91.2%。     

乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单及时空分布特征

为研究乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧对大气污染物的贡献情况,根据实地调研收集到的散煤燃烧活动水平数据,利用排放因子法建立2015年乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧PM_2.5、SO₂和NO_x的排放清单,利用ArcGIS空间分析工具进行空间分布特征分析,使用蒙特卡罗方法进行不确定性分析.结果表明:2015年散煤燃烧排放PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x分别为1.70×104、4.13×104、2.80×103 t.PM_2.5和SO₂排放的主要贡献区域为乌鲁木齐县,分别占排放总量的27.35%和26.23%,这是由于乌鲁木齐县社区居民和大棚种植耗煤量较大所致;NO_x排放的主要贡献区域为米东区,贡献率高达28.03%,这是因为米东区社区居民所用炉灶为手动炉排层燃炉灶,其排放因子较大所致.空间分布特征表明,污染物主要分布在米东区南部、沙依巴克区北部及乌鲁木齐县中部.不确定性分析表明,村庄、社区、大棚种植、商业和事业单位在95%的置信区间时不确定性分别为-69%~165%、-57%~116%、-68%~171%和-67%~165%.蒙特卡罗预测结果（平均值）高于排放清单的计算结果.研究显示,乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧对污染物排放贡献较大,并且具有明显的季节性和区域性特征.      

我国典型城市PM_(2.5)空间分布均匀性分析

随着空气质量新标准的实施,从2013年开始我国部分城市先期开展了PM2.5的例行监测,从中选取不同区域的典型城市,分析了PM2.5在环境中的分布情况。分析结果表明:典型城市PM2.5日均值相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为13%~26%,平均值为18%;我国南方城市PM2.5空间分布均匀性优于北方城市,北方城市冬、春季节PM2.5分布的均匀性较差,南方城市夏季PM2.5分布的均匀性较差;PM2.5的空间分布均匀程度与PM10接近,但明显优于其他气态污染物。综合分析认为,目前我国国家监测网内PM2.5监测点位的代表性能够满足城市空气质量监测与评价工作需要。     

离子色谱法测定工作场所空气中二乙胺和三乙胺

采用多孔玻板吸收管采集工作场所的空气,离子色谱法同时测定样品中的二乙胺和三乙胺.通过优化试验条件,使方法在0.100 mg/L～25.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,二乙胺、三乙胺的方法检出限均为0.02 mg/L.空白样品3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验表明,二乙胺、三乙胺的加标回收率为96.8％～101％,6次测定结果的RSD为0.1％～1.9％.