Monitoring of the microbial community composition in saline aquifers during CO2 storage by fluorescence in situ hybridisation

This study reveals the first analyses of the composition and activity of the microbial community of a saline CO₂ storage aquifer. Microbial monitoring during CO₂ injection has been reported. By using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), we have shown that the microbial community was strongly influenced by the CO₂ injection. Before CO₂ arrival, up to 6 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ were detected by DAPI staining at a depth of 647 m below the surface. The microbial community was dominated by the domain Bacteria that represented approximately 60% to 90% of the total cell number, with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes as the most abundant phyla comprising up to 47% and 45% of the entire population, respectively. Both the total cell counts as well as the counts of the specific physiological groups revealed quantitative and qualitative changes after CO₂ arrival. Our study revealed temporal outcompetition of sulphate-reducing bacteria by methanogenic archaea. In addition, an enhanced activity of the microbial population after five months CO₂ storage indicated that the bacterial community was able to adapt to the extreme conditions of the deep biosphere and to the extreme changes of these atypical conditions.     

西北5省(区)区域旅游经济差异变化——基于泰尔指数的测度

旅游经济的空间差异是区域经济发展不平衡的一种现象。利用旅游总收入和及其所占GDP的百分比2个测度指标,采用泰尔指数对1996--2005年西北5省（区）旅游经济差异变化进行了分析。结果发现,1996-2005年GDP权重的泰尔指数整体上处于下降趋势,而旅游总收入权重的泰尔指数处于微弱的上升趋势,不论何种指标权重由组内差距造成的差异在西北5省（区）旅游经济差异中处于主导地位。     

Influence of solar UV radiation on the nitrogen metabolism in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Needles of 20-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings were studied in an ultraviolet (UV) exclusion field experiment (from 2000 to 2002) in northern Finland (67 °N). The chambers held filters that excluded both UV-B and UV-A, excluded UV-B only, transmitted all UV (control), or lacked filters (ambient). UV-B/UV-A exclusion decreased nitrate reductase (NR) activity of 1-year-old needles of Scots pines compared to the controls. The proportion of free amino acids varied in the range 1.08-1.94% of total proteins, and was significantly higher in needles of saplings grown under UV-B/UV-A exclusion compared to the controls or UV-B exclusion. NR activity correlated with air temperature, indicating a “chamber effect”. The study showed that both UV irradiance and increasing temperature are significant modulators of nitrogen (N) metabolism in Scots pine needles.     

Integrated testing and intelligent assessment—new challenges under REACH

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Due to a number of drawbacks associated with the previous regime for the assessment of new and existing chemicals, the European Union established a new regulation concerning the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH). All relevant industrial chemicals must now be assessed. Instead of the authorities, industry itself is responsible for the risk assessment. To achieve better and more efficient assessments while reducing animal testing, all information-standard, non-standard and non-testing-has to be used in an integrated manner. To meet these challenges, the current technical guidance documents for risk assessment of new and existing chemicals had to be updated and extended considerably. This was done by experts in a number of REACH Implementation Projects. This paper presents the most relevant results of the expert Endpoint Working Group on Aquatic Toxicity in order to illustrate the change of paradigm in the future assessment of hazards to the aquatic environment by chemical substances. MAIN FEATURES AND CHALLENGES: REACH sets certain minimum data requirements in order to achieve a high level of protection for human health and the environment. It encourages the assessor to use alternative information instead of or in addition to standard one. This information has to be equivalent to the standard information requirement and adequate to draw overall conclusions with respect to the regulatory endpoints classification and labelling, persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) assessment and predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) derivation. The main task of the expert working group was to develop guidance on how to evaluate the toxicity of a substance based on integration of information from different sources and of various degrees of uncertainty in a weight of evidence approach. INTEGRATED TESTING AND INTELLIGENT ASSESSMENT: In order to verify the equivalence and adequacy of different types of information, a flexible sequence of steps was proposed, covering characterisation of the substance, analysis of modes of action, identification of possible analogues, evaluation of existing in vivo and in vitro testing data as well as of QSAR results. Finally, all available data from the different steps have to be integrated to come to an overall conclusion on the toxicity of the substance. This weight of evidence approach is the basis for the development of integrated testing strategies (ITS), in that the available evidence can help to determine subsequent testing steps and is essential for an optimal assessment. Its flexibility helps to meet the different requirements for drawing conclusions on the endpoints classification and labelling, PNEC derivation as well as PBT assessment. The integration of all kinds of additional information in a multi-criteria assessment reduces the uncertainties involved with extrapolation to the ecosystem level. The weight of evidence approach is illustrated by practical examples. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: REACH leads to higher challenges in order to make sound decisions with fewer resources, i.e. to move away from extensive standard testing to an intelligent substance-tailored approach. Expert judgement and integrated thinking are key elements of the weight of evidence concept and ITS, potentially leading to better risk assessments. Important sub-lethal effects such as endocrine disruption, which are not covered by the current procedure, can be considered. Conclusions have to be fully substantiated: Risk communication will be an important aspect of future assessments.     

现代整体橱柜内微环境空气质量对健康的影响

本文用案例阐述了现代整体橱柜内微环境中的甲醛污染,导致了对人体健康的危害。并用体积相同而材料不同的橱柜进行柜内空气中甲醛的检测比对和柜内微环境中甲醛污染的调味品检测比对。     

基于生态系统健康的国土空间生态修复分区——以长江中游城市群为例

高强度社会经济活动造成了河湖湿地萎缩、景观破碎化与生物多样性减少等生态问题,实施国土空间生态修复成为生态环境治理的必然途径。以长江中游城市群为研究区,基于网格单元构建“生态系统活力—生态系统组织力—生态系统弹性—生态系统服务力”（VORS）模型,评价2010年和2020年的生态系统健康水平。通过自然断点法和智能化修正等方法,自下而上地开展国土空间生态修复分区,并提出相应的生态修复措施。研究结果表明：2010—2020年长江中游城市群耕地面积有所减少,建设用地扩张明显;生态系统健康状况较为稳定,但是存在明显的空间差异;生态系统活力和服务力提升明显,生态系统组织力和生态系统弹性呈下降趋势。根据分区结果,将研究区划分为生态系统保育区、生态系统提升区、生态系统缓冲圈、生态系统改良圈和生态系统重塑圈“两区三圈”的修复区域,并提出生态修复对策。     

哈密地区"生态立区"的思考

哈密地区生态环境十分脆弱,森林覆盖率低,草场退化严重,近几年经济发展速度加快,但重开发、轻保护,资源开发和经济增长方式粗放,使生态系统遭到破坏.为坚持科学的发展观,保证地区经济、社会实现可持续发展,哈密地委、行署提出了"生态立区"的发展战略.本文对哈密地区"生态立区"的内涵及实现的途径进行了探讨.     

北京市城市河流中抗生素的污染特征及多层次生态风险评估

为评估北京市河流中抗生素的污染特征和生态风险,利用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱串联质谱检测了4类共35种常见抗生素的浓度水平,并利用风险商法（RQ）和联合概率曲线法（JPCs）评估了抗生素的生态风险.结果表明,北京市10条河流地表水中共检测出33种抗生素,总浓度范围是N.D.~1573.57 ng·L^-1,磺胺甲噁唑的浓度最高（N.D.~160.04 ng·L^-1）,其次为磺胺嘧啶（0.09~147.90 ng·L^-1）和氧氟沙星（0.28~94.72 ng·L^-1）,其中检出率 > 50.0 %的抗生素有16种;RQ法显示有12种抗生素存在生态风险,四环素、克拉霉素和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的风险最高,其风险商分别为3.99、1.86和1.01,污水处理厂出口的风险高于其所在河流干流的风险.四环素、克拉霉素和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的预测无效应浓度超标率均为2.3 %,基于JPCs发现,克拉霉素的最大风险乘积为1.66 %,对0.3 %~7.0 %的物种具有低等风险,其余抗生素的风险可忽略.抗生素的检出率、浓度分布、最敏感物种和物种敏感性分布对生态风险评估具有重要影响,采用多层次生态风险评估法能有效避免保护不足和过保护现象,有助于在全区域范围内对抗生素进行分级和分区管理.     

Chirp浅剖仪在水域地质调查中的应用

基于线性调频技术的Chirp声学浅剖仪系统,较好地解决了探测深度以及分辨率这两个最令人关心但又互为矛盾的问题。该浅剖仪系统主要由导航系统、信号控制系统、信号发射系统、信号接受系统以及测深系统等5部分组成,理论上,其纵向地层分辨率为十几厘米左右,最大探测深度在百米左右,具体视地层以及水质等条件而定。考虑到该系统的特殊性和复杂性,对其关键操作进行了较为详细的描述。最后介绍了该系统在活断层调查、管线走向调查以及水底抛石调查等不同类型水域岩土工程勘察中的成功应用,表明其具有良好的应用前景。     

岩石变形破裂过程中电荷感应信号的检测

设计了采用非接触方式、高放大倍数、高效率的电荷传感器,并给出了电荷传感器的设计原理和技术指标。利用研制的电荷传感器对岩石变形破裂过程中产生的电荷感应信号进行了检测试验。结果表明,岩石在变形破裂过程中会产生电荷感应信号,并能够被研制的电荷传感器检测到;电荷感应信号是瞬时脉冲的;随着加载应力水平的增加,电荷感应信号强度增强,在峰值应力前,电荷感应信号强度达到最大值;在破裂面接收到的电荷感应信号较强,主破裂面接收到的信号最强,因而电荷的产生和岩石的破裂有很大的关系。作为正在探索的检测岩石破坏过程的手段之一,电荷感应方法应是一种很具潜力的方法,值得深入研究。