水污染控制原位技术的研究及其发展

水污染控制原位技术体现了污染最小化和资源利用最大化的先进理念，包括原位污染预防技术和原位污染修复技术2方面。文章从原材料的管理与优选、工艺及过程控制优化及水回用方面论述了水污染原位预防技术，从原位生物修复、原位植物修复及原位物理化学修复方面论述了原位修复技术，介绍这2方面的研究与应用现状，强调水污染控制原位技术的重要性，提出若干发展方向。     

Conservation for the landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan scenic area of China

Wulingyuan is located at the mountainous area of the middle reach of the Yangtze River,it is one of the three nature heritages in China which ranks in the “List of Worls‘s Heritage”by UNESCO.It is characterized by quartz sandstone peaks landform with several landform components(pattern,corridor)and rich in landscape ecological diversity and biodiversity.The main patterns(ecosystem)include mid-height mountain peaks,rift-avlley and streams among peaks,peaks and gullies on slopes,square mountain-platforms and peaks among blind valleys and so on.The corridor system consists of natural corridors and artificial corridors among which the stream corridors account for a major part.The fracturing of habitat is unfavorable for the biodiversity conservation,but meanwhile the habitat diversity leads to an increase in biodiversity.Therefore,it is still rich in landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan.The biodiversity at the level of landscape component(ecosystem) and the function of the Wulingyuan complex ecosystem,and the measures for the biodiversity conservation in Wulingyuan ecotourism area are discussed in this paper.     

Floral biodiversity: a question of survival in the Indian Thar Desert

The Thar Desert of North-west India has sprung into prominence recently because of nuclear testing in 1998. It occupies about 3 million km² of diverse habitat. Each of the various habitats and landforms in the desert supports distinctive plants. 682 plant species have been identified including 107 grasses. Plants are removed for fuel, fodder, fencing and other farming, domestic and commercial purposes. There are about 200 species of plants with recognised medicinal uses in the desert. The medicinal usefulness of others is yet to be established. Commiphora wightii, Withania somnifera and Urginia indica have high glycoside content and are valued for gums and used in ayurvedic medicines for enhancing mental retention and memory enhancement. Such plants are being indiscriminately exploited for fuelwood.     

预腐蚀LD2铝合金腐蚀坑向裂纹转化研究

本文主要研究微结构对于腐蚀坑的生长,腐蚀坑向裂纹的转化过程,以及导致最终断裂的主导有效裂纹。对于两种厚度的LD2铝合金试件在3.5%NaCl溶液中进行了腐蚀疲劳试验。试验结构表明微结构对于腐蚀坑向裂纹的转化过程以及疲劳裂纹扩展具有重要影响。     

污泥臭氧原位减量工艺中抗生素的去除

建立了两套小试规模的序批式反应器,一套作为污泥臭氧原位减量系统,另一套作为控制系统.通过两系统的长期运行（90 d）考察了污泥臭氧原位减量工艺对9种典型抗生素（四环素、土霉素、强力霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、恩诺沙星和阿奇霉素）的去除效果.结果表明,进水中目标抗生素的存在（9种抗生素各100 μg·L^-1）并未对活性污泥去除COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的效果产生显著影响.污泥臭氧原位减量系统出水中目标抗生素浓度在运行期间保持相对稳定,且与控制系统接近;但污泥中目标抗生素浓度则显著低于控制系统.质量衡算表明目标抗生素在两系统内的输入和输出逐渐达到平衡,臭氧降解和剩余污泥排放分别为减量和控制系统中目标抗生素的主要去除途径.污泥臭氧处理单元可以降解减量系统入水中83%的目标抗生素,而控制系统入水中82%的目标抗生素则随剩余污泥排放.因此,污泥臭氧原位减量工艺可以明显削减活性污泥系统中抗生素的排放,具有重要的实际意义.     

宁南山区林地土壤原位矿化过程中碳氮转化耦合特征

为了解宁南山区典型植被恢复模式之一——人工林地土壤碳氮转化的特征以及二者的关系,运用PVC顶盖埋管法进行1 a的原位矿化培养实验,每隔2个月采样,研究柠条、山桃、山杏林地中土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳与土壤有机氮、无机氮以及净氨化速率、净硝化速率、净矿化速率和微生物固定速率在一年中的变化特征以及碳氮耦合关系.结果表明在原位培养过程中,61~120 d碳氮的变化最明显,主要受到土壤水分的影响;土壤有机碳和全氮极显著正相关,土壤微生物量碳氮、可溶性有机碳氮显著正相关;土壤有机碳转化速率显著影响净氨化速率、净硝化速率和MBN转化速率,且符合一元线性回归方程;柠条地培养一年后土壤微生物商(MBC/SOC)、MBN/SON显著升高,而且净硝化速率、净矿化速率显著大于山桃和山杏.     

水华藻斑漂移速度时变特征研究

以太湖水华藻斑为研究对象,采用自主研发的藻斑漂移原位观测技术,研究分析了不同时间尺度下太湖蓝藻水华易发区藻斑漂移速度的变化特征.结果表明：日内藻斑漂移速率在（0.0793±0.0135）~（0.146±0.0318）m/s范围内变化,藻斑漂移速度的北向分量在-0.0896~0.0247m/s之间,东向分量在-0.0157~0.0029m/s之间.漂移速率日均值变化呈现出锯齿式交替特征即增加-减少-再增加的往复循环,变化范围为（0.0499±0.0141）~（0.1580±0.0120）m/s,漂移方向以北向为主.藻斑漂移速度的月际变化明显,6月~8月,向东漂移的占比逐渐降低,而向西漂移的占比逐渐增加,此期间漂移方向均以北向为主.漂移速率6月上旬最小,均值为0.0680m/s,7月上旬达到最大,均值为0.1350m/s,7月中旬~8月下旬水华藻斑漂移速率在0.0800m/s附近波动.     

土著微生物原位修复石油污染土壤试验研究

利用当地土著微生物优势菌群,辅以物理和化学的方法,结合当地地质微环境特点,开展了陕北某油井旁的石油污染黄土土壤修复研究。设置两个试验区、一个空白区和一个对照区,在两个试验区中分别加入3%的土著优势菌群制剂,选择优化出的土著菌群经鉴定,主要有：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、微球菌属（Micrococcus）、放线菌属（Actinomayces）、真菌类的青霉属（Penicillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）等。试验结果显示：土著优势菌剂一般需要3-7d的延滞期（lag phase）,然后进入对数期（logarithmic phase）;两个试验区土壤中人为添加石油含量分别为1542、1886mg·kg^-1时,经过11-32d原位土著优势微生物菌剂的修复,土壤中的石油污染物降解率可达69.52%-88.11%,而对照区土壤中人为添加的石油含量变化不大,降解率基本在10%以内,说明在自然条件下土壤中石油降解是缓慢的。谷糠黍糠、麦麸两种添加剂对优化菌液的修复效果的作用基本相同。试验过程中对土壤温度、水分、氧和营养物质等影响因素进行了调控,起到了良好的作用。     

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs) Pollution in Sea of Japan

Abstract

Deep waters of the Sea of Japan and surface waters of the Pacific Coast of Honshu and the northeast Sea of Japan were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution. the ΣPCB concentrations in solution in the Sea of Japan (50–3000 m) were between 140 and 1230 fg dm_?3. the space-integrated surface water concentration near the Pacific coast of northern Honshu was 140 fg dm_?3and for the surface water of the Sea of Japan was 230 fg dm_?3. Based on these analyses four water masses were deduced in the Sea of Japan during the summer months. It is shown for the first time in the Sea of Japan that polychlorinated biphenyls are excellent chemical indicators of not only the anthropogenic pollution, but also water masses.     

长江三角洲背景地区CO2浓度变化特征研究

通过分析2009年1月~2010年12月临安区域大气本底站在线观测获得的CO2浓度,研究地面风向、地面风速、气团输送等因素对长江三角洲背景地区CO2浓度的影响.结果表明,临安站CO2浓度的日变化分布表现为单峰型形态,下午低、凌晨高,浓度日变幅在9.5′10-6~44.3′10-6 (V/V)之间;季节变化特征表现为冬春季高,夏季低,浓度年较差为10.1′10-6 (V/V).通过分析地面风向、地面风速和气团输送等因素对临安站CO2浓度的影响表明,引起CO2浓度升高的地面风向夏季主要为NW~NNE,冬季主要为NNE~ESE;地面风速越大,CO2浓度越小;气团远距离输送的影响主要取决于气团途径区域的CO2排放情况.