Effects of LATCH versus Available Seatbelt Installation of Rear Facing Child Restraint Systems on Head Injury Criteria for 6 Month Old Infants in Rear End Collisions

Objective: The Lower Anchor and Tethers for CHildren (LATCH) system was introduced in vehicles made after September 1, 2002 and intended to make installation of rear and forward-facing child safety seats easier. Due to the lack of rear impact testing of RFCRS required per the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), the purpose of this study was to explore the effects, if any, of installation method of RFCRS on the performance of commonly purchased makes and models of RFCRS. Specifically, we hypothesize that in a 48 km/h (29.8 MPH) rear-end collision, installation of RFCRS using the LATCH system will result in higher Head Injury Criteria (HIC) values when compared to using the available lap/shoulder seatbelt (Emergency Locking Retractor - ELR or Automatic Locking Retractor - ALR).

Methods: The test matrix included 36 rear impact sled tests conducted using 3 installation methods on 3 models of RFCRS: the Graco SnugRide® with and without the base, the Britax Chaperone with base-mounted anti-rebound bar, and the Evenflo Tribute®, a model of convertible rearward/forward facing restraint system used in the rearward facing mode. The seats were installed using the LATCH system, ELR lap/shoulder belts, or ALR lap/shoulder belts in seating positions 4 and 6 on a vehicle buck mounted to the sled test base. The infant seat and 6 month old CRABI anthropometric test device (ATD) installation methods were in accordance with standards set forth in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) FMVSS No. 213, Child Restraint Systems. All tests were conducted on pneumatic controlled acceleration sled (HYGE, Inc., PA, USA) at 48 km/h.

Results: Installation of infant seat type RFCRS using the LATCH system resulted in higher HIC₁₅ values when compared to using the available lap/shoulder seatbelt (ELR or ALR). The mean HIC₁₅ values were most severe when infant seat type RFCRS were installed using LATCH (Graco SnugRide® HIC₁₅ = 394 and Britax Chaperone HIC₁₅ = 133) compared to using either ELR lap/shoulder belts (Graco SnugRide® HIC₁₅ = 218 and Britax Chaperone HIC₁₅ = 65) or ALR lap/shoulder belts (Graco SnugRide® HIC₁₅ = 194 and Britax Chaperone HIC₁₅ = 78). The installation method did not result in a statistically significant difference in HIC for the convertible type RFCRS (Evenflo Tribute®). In many of the tests, the ATD's head struck the seatback in which the RFCRS was installed. These head strikes resulted in the higher HIC₁₅ scores recorded throughout the testing.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that LATCH does not offer equal protection to lap/shoulder belts from head injuries in rear impacts when used with infant seat type RFCRS.     

应用受体模型(CMB)对北京市大气PM_(2.5)来源的解析研究

为研究影响北京市大气环境PM2.5污染水平的主要来源,于2012年8月—2013年7月,依托北京市大气地面观测网络在10个监测点采集的491 d(次)大气PM2.5有效样本,对其化学组分进行了测试分析;从城市大气污染源组成出发,建立和完善了5类固定点源、2类流动源、4类无组织面源的PM2.5排放成分谱.应用受体模型(CMB)开展了来源解析研究.结果显示:1观测期间大气环境PM2.5的来源主要包括:一次来源机动车(16%)、燃煤(15%)、土壤尘(6%)、二次硫酸铵和硝酸铵(36%),以及有机物(20%)和其他未识别来源(7%);与历史解析结果相比,燃煤源分担率有所下降,二次无机盐与有机物分担率上升,且二次硝酸盐有赶超二次硫酸盐之势;2从主要组分的来源看,观测期间环境大气PM2.5中近25%的硫酸盐来自于燃煤锅炉和电厂排放,17%的有机物来自机动车排放;3北京市PM2.5来源类型大致相同,但各点位PM2.5来源种类和分担率具有一定差异,对一些排放量较大的局地排放源有比较明确的响应.研究表明,开展区域性PM2.5治理、大力削减前体物、严格控制本地机动车、燃煤等PM2.5排放都是改善北京市空气质量的重要途径.     

Development of database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors for China

A database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors, based on type and technology, has been developed following tests on more than 300 diesel vehicles in China using a portable emission measurement system. The database provides better understanding of diesel vehicle emissions under actual driving conditions. We found that although new regulations have reduced real-world emission levels of diesel trucks and buses significantly for most pollutants in China,NO_x emissions have been inadequately controlled by the current standards, especially for diesel buses, because of bad driving conditions in the real world. We also compared the emission factors in the database with those calculated by emission factor models and used in inventory studies. The emission factors derived from COPERT (Computer Programmer to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) and MOBILE may both underestimate real emission factors, whereas the updated COPERT and PART5 (Highway Vehicle Particulate Emission Modeling Software) models may overestimate emission factors in China. Real-world measurement results and emission factors used in recent emission inventory studies are inconsistent, which has led to inaccurate estimates of emissions from diesel trucks and buses over recent years. This suggests that emission factors derived from European or US-basedmodels will not truly represent real-world emissions in China. Therefore, it is useful and necessary to conduct systematic real-world measurements of vehicle emissions in China in order to obtain the optimum inputs for emission inventory models.     

不同破损程度下军用车辆镀锌钢板腐蚀行为研究

目的研究军用车辆不同破损程度下的镀锌板腐蚀行为。方法以3.5%Na Cl溶液为实验介质,利用开路电位、电化学阻抗谱及动电位极化曲线技术进行研究。结果镀锌钢板的开路电位比基板低约0.3 V,镀层腐蚀速度随着破损率的增加逐渐增大,基板的腐蚀速度最低。结论镀锌层的腐蚀对破损试样基体起重要的保护作用。     

机动车尾气污染与防治措施研究

改善空气质量,减少机动车尾气对雾霾的贡献已是当务之急.防治机动车尾气污染,关键是国家应制定和完善相应的法律、法规、规章和标准,出台鼓励新能源机动车的研发、生产、销售的优惠政策.环保部门要把住机动车环保检测第一关,严格机动车环保绿色标志的发放,会同工商部门对油品实行日常监管,加强环保宣传、提高人们的环保意识.公安、环保联动执法,杜绝超标车上路,淘汰黄标车.政府相关部门要科学规划和绿化城市道路.     

基于无人机探空和数值模拟天津一次重污染过程分析

污染发生在边界层中,边界层热力和动力垂直结构对重污染天气形成有显著影响.本文基于无人机探空、地基遥感观测和数值模式,开展天津地区2019年1月10~15日重污染过程期间边界层垂直结构及污染成因分析,以期加强北方沿海城市边界层过程对重污染影响规律认知,提升重污染天气预报预警准确率.结果表明：大气温度层结对重污染天气形成、持续和消散有显著影响,此次过程伴随逆温层的发展和消散,PM_2.5高浓度区白天向大气上层发展,高度可达300 m以上,夜间向近地面压缩,高度在100 m左右;雾天气出现并在白天维持,改变了边界层垂直结构特征,雾顶逆温的持续存在抑制了污染物向大气上层扩散,使得白天湍流垂直混合过程贡献明显下降,导致近地面重污染天气维持和发展;过程期间区域输送贡献率为66.6%,边界层垂直结构与重污染天气区域输送密切相关,区域污染物输送高度主要出现在边界层顶部以及雾顶逆温层以上的大风速层处,且随着边界层和雾顶抬升高度的变化,通过下沉运动影响地面,形成北部弱高压天气控制下静稳天气区域输送;边界层垂直结构影响冷空气对空气质量的改善效果,S3阶段雾顶的强逆温导致冷空气无法通过湍流切应力传导到地面,在高低空存在明显的风速差,冷空气影响地面时间延后,作用减弱,重污染天气无法彻底缓解.     

车辆冷却系统高原热平衡性能研究

目的 分析海拔高度(大气压力)、环境温度、冷却液温度以及冷却风量等对车辆冷却系统高原散热性能的影响.方法 采用模拟试验与仿真相结合的方法 .结果 海拔升高1000 m,发动机水套散热量平均增加约5.3％;冷却液温度升高10℃,发动机水套散热量平均降低约14.5％;海拔升高1000 m,若保持发动机热平衡状态不变(出口冷...     

车用锂离子电池组冷却系统传热仿真分析

目的 解决电动汽车锂离子电池组在高温下的安全性和热失控问题.方法 建立锂离子电池组冷却系统的三维分析模型,应用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法 ,结合热传导和热对流理论,对电池组进行仿真分析.结果 锂离子电池组的温度场分布基本相同,呈现出中间低、两侧高的分布特点,且...     

Tracking effective measures for closed-loop recycling of automobile steel in China

Closed-loop recycling of steel in automobiles is particularly difficult because of the low tolerance for impurities and the use of composites of various types of steel products. Technologies that reduce impurities or increase impurity tolerance must be developed and introduced to the steel recycling system at the appropriate time. This study evaluated the feasibility of closed-loop recycling in the automobile industry in China. Material pinch analysis combined with dynamic modeling of the life cycle of steel sheets used in the manufacture of automobiles was employed to estimate the amount of steel sheet scrap available for closed-loop recycling and the amount of copper contamination in the scrap. The results indicate that by 2050, more than half of the old steel sheet scrap generated annually will have to be down-cycled because of its high copper contamination. However, scenario analyses of three types of technologies for mitigating the problem of copper contamination showed the potential for increasing the amount of old scrap used in closed-loop recycling. In particular, improving copper tolerance in the steel production process could be effective both now and in 2050.     

广东省"十四五"时期机动车污染减排潜力研究

为研究广东省“十四五”时期机动车污染减排潜力,设置3种方案进行减排分析。结果表明,淘汰老旧机动车能较好地削减机动车NO_x排放量,而对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的净减排效果不佳。淘汰国Ⅱ及以下排放标准汽油车、国Ⅲ及以下排放标准柴油货车情况下,广东省各市NO_x削减比例均超过10%。汕尾市、湛江市、茂名市、云浮市、揭阳市、阳江市、潮州市、清远市、河源市和梅州市淘汰国Ⅱ及以下排放标准机动车、50%国Ⅲ排放标准柴油货车能达到NO_x减排10%以上的效果,而珠三角地区城市需全面淘汰国Ⅲ及以下排放标准柴油货车才能达到该减排效果。为遏制广东省O₃浓度上升势头并推动其进入下降通道,要加强“油、路、车”协同管控,珠三角地区应采取比粤东、粤西和粤北地区更有力的协同控制措施。