E. coli and bacteriophage MS2 disinfection by UV,ozone and the combined UV and ozone processes

The combination of low-dose ozone with ultraviolet （UV） irradiation should be an option to give benefit to disinfection and reduce drawbacks of UV and ozone disinfection. However, less is known about the disinfection performance of UV and ozone （UV/ozone） coexposure and sequential UV-followed-by-ozone （UV- ozone） and ozone-followed-by-UV （ozone-UV） expo- sures. In this study, inactivation of E. coli and bacterioph- age MS2 by UV, ozone, UV/ozone coexposure, and sequential UV-ozone and ozone-UV exposures was investigated and compared. Synergistic effects of 0.5-0.9 log kill on E. coli inactivation, including increases in the rate and efficiency, were observed after the UV/ozone coexposure at ozone concentrations as low as 0.05 mg-L-1 in ultrapure water. The coexposure with 0.02-mg.L-1 ozone did not enhance the inactivation but repressed E. coli photoreactivation. Little enhancement on E. coli inactivation was found after the sequential UV-ozone or ozone-UV exposures. The synergistic effect on MS2 inactivation was less significant after the UV/ozone coexposure, and more significant after the sequential ozone-UV and UV-ozone exposures, which was 0.2 log kill for the former and 0.8 log kill for the latter two processes, at ozone dose of 0.1 mg. t-1 and UV dose of 8.55 mJ. cm 2 in ultrapure water. The synergistic effects on disinfection were also observed in tap water. These results show that the combination of UV and low-dose ozone is a promising technology for securing microbiological quality of water.     

Control of Viral Contamination of Food and Environment

Viruses are often transmitted via food and the environment. Contamination may be controlled either by preventing its occurrence or by inactivating the contaminating virus. The majority of agents transmitted in this way are human enteric viruses, produced either in the intestines or the liver. They are shed in human feces (noroviruses also in vomitus) in a broad range of circumstances, and they are relatively stable outside the host. Non-enteric viruses are less often transmitted via foods and are generally less environmentally stable. Insofar as vaccines are available, they are able to prevent fecal shedding. Viruses shed in feces via the water-carriage toilet may be eliminated by proper treatment and disinfection of the wastewater. In the foods context, the most effective antiviral measures are cooking and hand washing. Detection methods are most useful after the fact, in investigating outbreaks and devising preventive measures.     

温度对钝化剂抑制滇池底泥磷释放的影响

采用硫酸铝和聚铝2种钝化药剂研究温度对滇池重污染底泥磷释放的影响.结果表明,温度每升高10℃,底泥TP释放增量为1.22%～38.69%,DTp释放增量为4.79%～76.82%,在25～35℃,底泥内源磷释放量增量最大.随着温度的升高底泥内源磷释放量增加的原因在于:一方面随着环境温度的升高,间隙水耗氧量增多,加速了Fe3 →Fe2 转化,促使沉积物中铁结合态磷释放;另一方面微生物活动可使沉积物中有机态磷转化成无机态磷酸盐而得以释放.投加钝化剂对沉积物的内源磷释放的抑制和上覆水中含磷颗粒的捕捉有显著效果.在25℃以下时,聚铝的抑制效果优于硫酸铝,在5、15和25℃对沉积物内源磷的抑制率聚铝比硫酸铝分别高出0.49%、1.32%和1.03%;随着温度升高到35℃,聚铝控磷的稳定性降低,抑制效果减弱,硫酸铝的控制效果反而较聚铝高2.25%.聚铝组底泥的温度平均比硫酸铝组底泥的温度低2～3℃.     

SODIS法对原水消毒的影响因素及发展趋势

阳光消毒法是一种简单、实用性强和无能耗的消毒方法,利用太阳的紫外光去除水中的病原微生物,特别适用于偏远和贫困地区。文章介绍了SOD IS法的操作,以及影响SOD IS法灭活效果的UV-A光照剂量、气候和天气状况、原水的浊度、容器的材质和形状、原水溶氧量及微生物的类型等因素,分析了其发展现状和趋势,对偏远地区的家庭饮用水消毒灭菌具有指导意义。     

水厂微型动物泄漏与控制技术的研究进展

来自水源水和水厂臭氧活性炭滤池二次繁殖所引起的微型动物泄漏现象不仅增加了后续消毒工艺的压力,也给供水安全带来了极大威胁,水厂微型动物的泄漏和控制成为目前国内外学者研究的前沿和焦点。本文综述了目前国内外关于饮用水中微型动物的控制标准与控制技术及其应用效果,指出了现有消毒方法或体系的局限性,水厂消毒的发展趋势将综合考虑细菌、病毒和微型动物的杀灭效果。     

藻细胞活性检测方法的研究进展

藻类活性定量检测方法有:生物量检测法、细胞染色法、TTC-脱氢酶活性测定法。对国内外藻细胞活性检测方法的研究进行了概括总结,并对其应用前景进行了评价和展望。     

紫外活化过硫酸钠灭活水中噬菌体MS2的特性及机制

水环境中的病毒对常见的消毒技术有较强的抵抗力.为了开发水中病毒的高效灭活技术,以噬菌体MS2为对象,研究紫外活化过硫酸钠（UV/PS）体系灭活病毒的特性和机制.采用双层平板法对噬菌体MS2进行定量检测,研究UV/PS对水样中噬菌体MS2的灭活率和动力学特征,并考察PS用量、pH值和噬菌体初始浓度等因素对灭活效果的影响.利用透射扫描电镜观察UV/PS处理前后噬菌体的形貌,利用电子顺磁共振波谱法确认反应体系中存在的自由基种类.在自由基淬灭实验的基础上,分析计算UV/PS体系中各因素对噬菌体灭活的贡献率.结果表明,当紫外辐照强度为160 μW·cm^-2时,UV/PS处理4 min即可去除4.39 lg的噬菌体MS2,较单独使用同样辐照剂量的UV消毒灭活率高1.44 lg.UV/PS体系对噬菌体MS2的灭活动力学过程符合一级反应动力学模型.增加体系中的PS初始浓度能明显提高对噬菌体的灭活率和灭活速率,而pH和噬菌体初始浓度对UV/PS灭活噬菌体的影响较小.UV/PS处理可导致噬菌体的衣壳破损,促进了噬菌体颗粒团聚.UV/PS体系中存在SO₄^-·和·OH,是噬菌体MS2灭活的重要因素.·OH比SO₄^-·对噬菌体MS2灭活的贡献更大.