Institutional frameworks to direct development and implementation of great lakes remedial action plans

Locally designed, institutional frameworks are being used to develop and implement remedial action plans (RAPs) to restore beneficial uses in 43 Great Lakes areas of concern. A 1993 Canada-United States roundtable was convened to learn from case studies and to develop recommendations regarding essential characteristics of RAP institutional frameworks, guidance to ensure linkages to other related plans, and ways of embracing new institutional frameworks from RAP development to implementation. Major roundtable recommendations are: (1) RAP institutional frameworks should be empowered to pursue their mission of restoring uses. Empowerment would be demonstrated by: a watershed focus, inclusive and shared decision-making, clear responsibilities and sufficient authority, creative funding capability, flexibility and continuity in the process, an iterative process of continuous improvement, and commitment to education and outreach. (2) RAP institutional frameworks should be used as mechanisms to coordinate programs at the local level. Such local coordination should be complemented with governmental commitments to intra- and interagency coordination in work plans. (3) RAP institutional frameworks can help build the capacity of governments to achieve their goals. Therefore, governments must adopt long-term, visionary goals and commit to a customer-driven RAP process of continuous improvement.     

灾害发生期的犯罪预防

本文探讨了灾害发生期的犯罪预防对策,认为在灾害发生期的不同时间进程中,犯罪预防工作有不同的重点和策略。灾害预报已经发出,灾害破坏作用尚未显露时,防范的重点是造谣惑众及封建迷信活动。灾害爆发时,对犯罪的首次打击效应十分重要。灾害爆发后,一定要迅速恢复和强化政法机关的职能活动,组织群众开展群防群治。随着灾害的持续或衰减,财产类犯罪开始抬头,且暴力倾向明显,此时应采取坚决措施,从重从快予以打击。     

RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND IN METRO MANILA1

ABSTRACT: An econometric demand function is estimated for residential water use in Metropolitan Manila. Regression results using annual time series data from 1970 to 1981 show that residential water consumption responds to changes in economic variables. Residential demand showed an income (household) elasticity of 0.542 and a combined price elasticity of -0.287. Implications for planning and management are discussed.     

Social features of energy production and use in Brazil: Goals for a sustainable energy future

This paper focuses on the social features of ene rgy production and use in Brazil and discusses the role of the energy policy goals of accessibility, affordability and acceptability in defining a sustainable energy future for the country. The major findings are that social inequalities in Brazil regarding energy use continue to be substantial and important. This can be explained by the fact that, although recent decades have seen significant improvements in energy accessibility all over the country, much more needs to be done to provide affordable, and socially acceptable modern energy carriers to all socio‐economic groups in all regions.     

人的生命价值评估方法述评

评估生命价值最常用的两种方法是人力资本法和支付意愿法。用人力资本法评估生命价值的前提是人的生命可以用一个人未来的生产能力来计量,而用支付意愿法评估生命价值的前提是人的生命可以用一个人为降低死亡风险而愿意支付的货币金额来计量。支付意愿法又包括工资—风险法、消费市场法和条件价值法3种类型。工资—风险法通过分析一个人的工资与其工作风险之间的关系来估算生命价值;消费市场法关注的是人们在其进行消费决策时,在风险与价格之间的权衡;而条件价值法则是给定一个假定情景,请被访者对货币和风险进行直接权衡来估算生命价值。笔者对国内外生命价值评估研究进行述评,指出了各种评估方法的优缺点。支付意愿法已成为国外学者评估生命价值的主流方法,学习借鉴国外的研究经验,将这一方法运用于我国的生命价值评估研究是今后国内研究的一个方向。     

污水处理厂节能减排的实现途径分析

引用清洁生产审核机制,结合国内部分污水处理厂实际情况,通过对污水处理厂各环节能源消耗情况、产物排放情况和影响因素的详细分析,将节能减排理念融入到污水处理的系统、设备、原料、产物和管理5个方面,提出了降低污水处理厂的运行成本、减少排放污染物的切实可行途径的建议。     

生态系统方法及其在生态环境管理中的应用

生态系统方法是自然保护与生态环境管理中的新思想,并被《生物多样性公约》各缔约国所广泛接受。生态系统方法的研究目前处于初期阶段,尚无一致的定义。在对生态系统的系统性和非线性特征分析的基础上,本文简述了生态系统方法在生态环境管理和调控中的必然性。通过两种典型概念的阐释,对生态系统方法的内涵与原则进行了综述和分析。由于其综合性以及对社会和生态的协同考虑,生态系统方法得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在物种多样性保护、水生态及水资源、渔业和森林等领域。在生态系统方法的分析框架上,视研究对象和目的的不同而异,其中生态系统方法的“菱形示意图”更为综合和概况。在目前的生态系统方法研究和实践中,尚存在几个关键问题亟需解决,主要包括：系统的界定、不确定性、与其他方法的冲突和重合、不同结构的协作以及相关研究方法。     

褐色土地利益相关者的环境冲突及其解决途径初探

随着中国城市化进程的不断加快,城市土地资源日益稀缺,褐色土地的再开发戊为城市土地资源可持续利用的重要手段。在褐色土地开发过程中难免会涉及政府、企业、居民、工业企业、开发商、金融机构、媒体等多方利益相关主体,并引发错综复杂的利益纠纷与冲突。在倡导构建和谐社会的今天,对褐色土地利益相关者间的相互关系、环境冲突及其解决办法的研究也就具有重要的现实意义。     

城市地下工程建设的环境问题和预防措施

地下工程的建设不仅受到周围环境的限制,而且也对周围环境造成不同程度的影响,因此研究地下工程引起的环境问题具有重要意义。根据城市地下工程的特点,列举了由城市地下工程引起的主要环境问题,如地表移动和变形、地下水环境变异以及在施工过程中产生的噪音等,将这些问题进行综合阐述和分析,并提出了针对这些环境问题的防治措施与建议。     

Quantification of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in enrichment cultures by quantitative competitive PCR

The anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (ANAMMOX) bacteria were enriched from a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). A quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) system was successfully developed to detect and quantify ANAMMOX bacteria in environmental samples. For QC-PCR system, PCR primer sets targeting 16S ribosomal RNA genes of ANAMMOX bacteria were designed and used. The quantification range of this system was 4 orders of magnitude, from 103 to 106 copies per PCR, corresponding to the detection limit of 300 target copies per mL. A 312-bp internal standard was constructed, which showed very similar amplification e ciency with the target amxC fragment (349 bp) over 4 orders of magnitude (103–106). The linear regressions were obtained with R2 of 0.9824 for 103 copies, 0.9882 for 104 copies, 0.9857 for 105 copies and 0.9899 for 106 copies, respectively. Using this method, ANAMMOX bacteria were quantified in a shortcut nitrification/denitrification-anammox system which was set for piggery wastewater treatment.