Gauging the societal impacts of natural disasters using a capability approach

There is a widely acknowledged need for a single composite index that provides a comprehensive picture of the societal impact of disasters. A composite index combines and logically organizes important information policy‐makers need to allocate resources for the recovery from natural disasters; it can also inform hazard mitigation strategies. This paper develops a Disaster Impact Index (DII) to gauge the societal impact of disasters on the basis of the changes in individuals’ capabilities. The DII can be interpreted as the disaster impact per capita. Capabilities are dimensions of individual well‐being and refer to the genuine opportunities individuals have to achieve valuable states and activities (such as being adequately nourished or being mobile). After discussing the steps required to construct the DII, this article computes and compares the DIIs for two earthquakes of similar magnitude in two societies at different levels of development and of two disasters (earthquake and wind storm) in the same society.     

Exploring nationality and social identity to explain attitudes toward conservation actions in the United States and Australia

Understanding human attitudes toward wildlife management is critical to implementing effective conservation action and policy. Understanding the factors that shape public attitudes toward different wildlife management actions is limited, however, which can result in unpredictable public responses to interventions. We drew on comparisons between residents of 2 countries on separate continents to explore differences in attitudes toward wildlife management and determine factors important in shaping these attitudes. We surveyed representative publics via market research panels in Australia (n = 881 respondents) and the United States (n = 1287). We applied a social-identity approach and demography to identify factors that explained variance between responses about wildlife management. We compared responses between countries overall and within subgroups of respondents who strongly identified as environmentalists, animal rights activists, wildlife conservation advocates, and farmers. We created aggregate scores for the management-related response items per respondent and used regression analyses to identify the relative importance of country, identity, age, and gender in explaining variance between responses. These factors accounted for 15.3% of variance among responses. Australians overall were generally more accepting of lethal wildlife management actions than U.S. respondents. Differences in national attitudes reflected differences between United States and Australian wildlife management and policy, highlighting the importance of understanding social attitudes in shaping conservation policy. Identifying as a farmer followed by identifying as an animal rights activist most shaped attitudes toward wildlife management. Identity-related conflicts could be initiated or exacerbated by conservation interventions that fail to consider identity-related processes.     

三峡水库试验性蓄水前后大宁河富营养化状态比较

基于大宁河试验性蓄水阶段(2005-09～2007-09)和正常运行阶段(2008-09～2010-09)的监测数据,对大宁河试验性蓄水前后富营养化状态进行比较,在此基础上运用Carlson的"二维坐标理论"和数理统计分析方法,探究大宁河富营养状态限制因素.结果表明,和试验性蓄水阶段相比,正常运行阶段整个研究区域TSITP呈显著上升趋势,从大宁河回水末端至长江干流,增加幅度沿程依次为23.29%、19.57%、15.58%和14.12%;TSISD和TSITN维持稳定;TSICHL总体维持稳定,仅回水末端(S1)呈上升趋势,上升幅度为17.34%.从长江干流至大宁河回水末端,TSITN、TSITP和TSISD这3个营养状态指数均呈现沿程降低的趋势;TSICHL呈现回水区(S2)和出水口(S3)较高,长江干流(S4)和回水末端(S1)较低.试验性蓄水前后各水文期特征基本呈现一致.TSITN和TSITP水文期特征表现为:汛限期、泄水期>高水位运行期>蓄水期;TSICHL水文期特征表现为:汛限期>蓄水期、泄水期>高水位运行期;TSISD水文期特征表现为:汛限期、泄水期>蓄水期>高水位运行期.正常运行期和试验性蓄水期相比,TSITN、TSITP和TSICHL在各个水文期之间的差异变小.长江干流和大宁河总氮和总磷已经超过了富营养化状态的临界值,因此营养盐并不是水体富营养化状态的限制因素;非藻类浊度控制水下光衰减而成为限制藻类生产力的关键因素.非藻类浊度和水下光照分布受到水文学特征季节动态的强烈干扰.     

Desert ants adjust their approach to a foraging site according to experience

In the habitat of desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, a constant wind is usually blowing during the daytime. When visiting a familiar food source, the ants steer some distance downwind of the feeder, rather than attempting a direct approach that might miss small food sources, in particular. In the downwind area, the ants pick up the odor plume emanating from the food and follow it upwind to the prey. This strategy saves considerable walking distance and time. The additional path necessitated by the downwind strategy is only about 0.75 to 2 m, depending on nest–feeder distance, while missing the food on the upwind side results in much longer search trajectories. During the initial three to five visits to a feeding site, downwind distance and length of the approach path are shortened notably, and the approach trajectory is straightened. Desert ants further exhibit considerable short-term flexibility in their approach. Experienced individuals are evidently able to decide upon leaving the nest which direction to choose toward the feeder, depending on current wind direction (that fluctuates slightly during the day). Notable changes in wind direction occur primarily overnight. For larger nest–feeder distances, the animals adjust their approach en route to the altered wind direction during their first foraging trip in the morning.     

城市轨道交通噪声与振动控制对策

随着城市轨道交通的飞速发展,城市轨道交通噪声和振动污染问题越来越受到公众关注.本文分析了城市轨道交通中噪声与振动产生的原因,并从控制噪声与振动源、隔离传播途径等方面,提出了城市轨道交通中减振降噪的控制措施,为解决城市轨道交通发展中的环境问题提供参考.     

参与式方法在乡村生态恢复与保护规划中的应用

对区域生态环境恢复与保护的规划,传统上由相关技术人员应用生态经济学原理和景观生态学的方法进行。把当前国际发展领域通用的参与式方法与生态规划方法相结合,通过多层次、多学科、多部门的共同参与,使外来者的技术和当地相关利益群体的经验比较好地融合,完成村民参与式的生态环境恢复与保护规划。利用这种方法形成的规划,能够增强社区村民的拥有感,有利于规划付诸实施。     

中国农地流转与农民收入的时空耦合关系及空间效应

基于中国省域2003—2018年面板数据,通过构建耦合协调发展模型,分析农地流转与农民收入耦合协调发展时空演变特征,并运用空间杜宾模型剖析农地流转对不同类型农民收入的空间效应。结果表明：（1）在时间维度上,农地流转与农民收入的耦合协调发展程度趋于优化,但农地流转一直以滞后于农业收入为主,农地流转由同步于非农收入转为超前于非农收入。（2）在空间维度上,农地流转与不同类型农民收入的耦合协调发展程度在不同省区之间差异明显。（3）农地流转显著促进了本地区农业收入与非农收入的提高,且农地流转对农民人均收入产生直接效应与溢出效应;虽然户均农地规模增加并没有显著提高非农收入,但农地的规模经济使得户均农地规模增加,显著促进了农业收入提高。     

山东临沂大气夏季典型时段臭氧污染特征及其控制因素分析

2020年6月,在山东省临沂城区开展臭氧(O3)及其前体物观测实验,基于观测数据结合MCM光化学模式模拟,对6月中旬O3污染特例生成机理及控制机制进行了分析.结果 发现,尽管观测期间降水较多,一旦天气转晴,O3迅速积累并超标,1-h和8-h φ(O3)超标天数分别为10d(频率32％)和14 d(45％).O3日变化呈...     

Assessing the role of economic actors in the production of private and public goods in three EU agricultural landscapes

The study analyses the contribution of relevant economic actors to the provision of private and public goods in agricultural landscapes. A method consisting of a multi-sectoral perspective and an integrated approach based on the analytic network process (ANP) and the use of selected local stakeholders is applied. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated in three European case studies in Austria, Italy and Spain. The results show that agriculture and tourism are the sectors that contribute the most and the least, respectively, to the provision of goods and services in agricultural landscapes. Moreover, the results underscore that policy instruments towards such provision need to be targeted differently in different areas and must take into account the different roles of the local actors involved.     

芜湖市沉积物-水体PAHs扩散行为研究

为研究芜湖市不同功能区景观水体多环芳烃（PAHs）在沉积相-水相之间的扩散行为,于2017年2月选择芜湖市25处景观水体采集沉积物和水样品,对美国环保署（EPA）列为优先控制污染物的16种PAHs进行检测,运用逸度方法、响应系数进行分析.分别考虑有机碳（OC）、BC_CTO（化学热氧化法测定的黑碳）和BC_Cr（湿化学氧化法测定的黑碳）在不同浓度（实测值、最低值、平均值、最大值）情况下对PAHs在沉积相-水相间扩散的影响.结果表明,中低环（2~4环）PAHs表现出向水相扩散,沉积物作为PAHs的二次污染源,高环（5~6环）PAHs表现出向沉积相扩散,沉积物作为PAHs的汇;随着OC和黑碳（BC）含量的增加,PAHs倾向于向沉积相扩散,且倾向程度是BC_Cr > BC_CTO > OC,表明BC在PAHs的沉积物-水扩散过程中起重要的作用.响应系数结果表明中低环PAHs的逸度分数（ff）对OC、BC_CTO和BC_Cr浓度变化的敏感度较弱,高环PAHs的ff对OC、BC_CTO和BC_Cr浓度变化的敏感度较强,且敏感度强弱依次是BC_Cr > BC_CTO > OC.沉积相-水体的扩散过程研究揭示了PAHs在水环境中迁移扩散的重要机理,可为环境污染的科学治理提供依据.