洱海表层沉积物溶解性有机氮生物有效性

选取9个洱海表层沉积物样品,提取了DON(溶解性有机氮)进行生物矿化培养,测定了培养过程中各形态氮含量,并运用三维荧光技术研究了DON结构变化. 结果表明:①洱海沉积物中w(DON)范围为43.52~214.71mg/kg,平均值为115.19mg/kg,DON主要由类蛋白和类腐殖质类物质构成,并且以类蛋白为主;②洱海沉积物中DON生物有效性为1.21%~72.77%,平均值为33.23%,生物可利用量平均值为50.22mg/kg;DON生物有效性空间差异明显,北部和南部较高,而中部较低;③洱海生物自身产生及形成的DON主要由类酪氨酸组成,其中有小部分类腐殖质可被生物利用,这是由于类色氨酸和类酪氨酸共存可提高DON类腐殖质生物有效性. 此外,w(DON)占w(TDN)(TDN为可溶性总氮)的比例是影响DON生物有效性的重要因素,w(DON)/w(TDN)越高,类腐殖质及类酪氨酸含量越低,沉积物中DON生物有效性越高. 可见,DON对湖泊富营养化有重要影响,控制洱海富营养化,不仅需要关注沉积物中的w(TN),也应关注w(DON)及DON组成特征.      

长期不同水分调控对污染场地土壤溶解性有机质含量及其结构特征的影响

为了考察不同水分调控下污染场地中土壤有机质和溶解性有机质（DOM）的演变过程,以2种冶炼厂重金属污染土壤为研究对象,通过恒温恒湿培养实验观察不同水分调控下土壤有机质和DOM的含量变化,并采用紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱分析了土壤DOM的光谱特征.结果表明,水分调控180 d后,2种重金属污染土壤中有机质和DOM含量呈不同程度降低趋势,且随着水分含量增加,其降幅明显增加,最大降幅分别为33.28%和89.35%.水分调控过程中,土壤DOM中类蛋白物质最易发生降解,导致类富里酸和类腐殖酸的占比相应提高;随着水分含量增加,土壤DOM的芳香性提高,腐殖化程度升高,分子聚合度和分子量增大,最终导致DOM稳定性增强,上述结果有助于揭示水分诱导过程中DOM的变化对污染场地中重金属环境行为的影响.     

外加芘在2种水稻土及其团聚体培养中的老化及其可浸提性和生物有效性的变化

老化是指有机污染物进入土壤后,随着时间的增加,其生物有效性、毒性和可浸提性会逐渐下降的现象.采用室内培养法研究了外加多环芳烃芘在2种水稻土乌栅土(潜育型水稻土)和黄泥土(潴育型水稻土)及其不同粒组团聚体中的老化现象,并采用二氯甲烷提取和蚯蚓吸收试验比较了培养老化后外加多环芳烃芘的可浸提性和生物有效性的变化.结果表明,培养90d后芘的浸提率下降了15%~23%,蚯蚓的摄食量也下降了37%~67%,说明外加有机污染物进入水稻土后发生了显著的老化现象,从而降低了其环境移动性和生物有效性.但不同粒径团聚体中老化程度没有差异,不过对蚯蚓的生物有效性存在差异.因此,并不能根据土壤中有机污染物的含量来预测其环境风险和生物有效性.     

轻组有机质对太湖沉积物氮、磷矿化的影响

采用连续淹水培养试验研究轻组有机质(LFOM)对鼋头渚(Y)和贡湖(G)2种不同污染程度太湖沉积物氮、磷矿化的影响. 结果表明,去除LFOM并没有改变沉积物氮、磷的矿化趋势. 试验初期,沉积物累积矿化氮、磷量急速上升,之后增速变慢,至峰值后迅速下降,42 d时达到最小值,并持续至试验结束. 经过77 d的培养试验,不同处理的2种不同污染程度沉积物有24%～39%的总氮(TN)和7%～26%的总磷(TP)被矿化;污染较重的沉积物Y的净矿化氮、磷量和矿化速率均高于沉积物G;去除LFOM使沉积物的净矿化氮、磷量和矿化速率均有所降低,其中沉积物Y的净矿化氮、磷量分别降低了110.86和145.26 mg/kg,下降了15%和74%,沉积物G降低了195.13和29.99 mg/kg,下降了40%和50%. 沉积物Y的氮、磷平均矿化速率分别降低了3.01和5.36 mg/(kg·d),沉积物G分别降低了6.35和1.30 mg/(kg·d).      

Effect of two biogas residues’ application on copper and zinc fractionation and release in different soils

Biogas residue (BR) is widely used as a new green fertilizer in agriculture in China. However, it often contains a high concentration of heavy metals so its application should cause our concern. An incubation experiment was conducted to study the risk of pig biogas residue (PBR) and chicken biogas residue (CBR) application on Liuminying soil (LS) and Yixing soil (YS). The soils were incubated for one, three and six months with 0, 2%, 4% and 6% addition of BRs. According to BCR extraction results, the PBR and CBR applications induced an increase in the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Zn. As for the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Cu, an increase was only observed in the treatments with PBR application. The heavy metal binding intensity also showed a similar trend. With the PBR application, for the LS and YS, the highest concentrations of exchangeable Zn increased 3.6 and 9.5 times, respectively, while the exchangeable Cu was increased by 52.6% and 187.1%. Dissolved organic carbon was the limiting factor for the exchangeable Cu while the exchangeable Zn was controlled by soil pH. PBR presented more agricultural risk than CBR when used as fertilizer. Meanwhile, BRs were more adaptable to LS than YS according to the heavy metal release results.     

日照市生态产业园发展构想

根据日照市的产业现状 ,提出了日照市建设生态产业园的初步设想和生态产业园孵化机制     

活性有机碳含量在凋落物分解过程中的作用

土壤凋落物的分解不仅是生态系统养分循环的重要环节,也是生态系统碳释放源之一。将呼伦贝尔森林草原过渡带的草原凋落物、白桦林凋落物、落松林凋落物分别添加在棕色针叶林土里进行恒温培养,探讨了不同凋落物类型有机碳分解速率差异及其影响因子。结果表明:不同凋落物的有机碳矿化速率和矿化累积总量在分解初期不一致,但由高到低的次序均为:草原凋落物→白桦林凋落物→落叶松林凋落物,40d的有机碳矿化累积量分别为76.53、47.42、20.56mg/g。这主要与凋落物的化学性质有关,主要决定于凋落物中易被微生物分解的热水溶性有机碳含量和易分解有机物含量,而与凋落物的总有机碳含量、全氮含量、w(C)/w(N)比等关系不明显。     

Soil enzymatic activities and microbial community structure with di erent application rates of Cd and Pb

This study focused on the changes of soil microbial diversity and potential inhibitory effects of heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities at different application rates of Cd andor Pb. The soil used for experiments was collected from Beijing and classified as endoaquepts. Pots containing 500 g of the soil with different Cd andor Pb application rates were incubated for a period of 0, 2, 9, 12 weeks in a glasshouse and the soil samples were analyzed for individual enzymes, including catalase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, and the changes of microbial community structure. Results showed that heavy metals slightly inhibited the enzymatic activities in all the samples spiked with heavy metals. The extent of inhibition increased significantly with increasing level of heavy metals, and varied with the incubation periods. The soil bacterial community structure, as determined by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques, was different in the contaminated samples as compared to the control. The highest community change was observed in the samples amended with high level of Cd. Positive correlations were observed among the three enzymatic activities, but negative correlations were found between the amounts of the heavy metals and the enzymatic activities.     

旱地深层土壤厌氧氨氧化菌及全细菌群落结构对加水培养的响应变化

为研究旱地深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化菌及相伴随的全细菌的群落结构对水分增加的响应变化,选取西澳大陆Kalgoorlie地区60 m深的典型旱地土壤,采集淀积层和母质层土壤样品,加入纯水或3.5%的盐水进行密闭培养.针对厌氧氨氧化功能基因hzsB基因及细菌16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序.结果显示:初始土壤并未有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,加水培养3个月之后,开始有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,此时盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性要高于纯水培养的结果.且纯水培养中,厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构在淀积层和母质层中类似,均以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'为主(92.09%和91.94%),另有一定量的Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(7.43%和7.89%).盐水培养中,淀积层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(50.03%)和Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(40.25%),母质层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(71.20%);继续培养一个月后,盐水培养和纯水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性均有增加,且盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性依旧要高于纯水培养的结果.此时纯水培养中,淀积层依旧以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(87.88%)为主导,母质层中Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'增长明显,达到50.90%,取代Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(39. 92%)成为主导种属.盐水培养中,Candidatus‘Brocadia fulgida'(45. 19%)与Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(47.99%)共同主导淀积层厌氧氨氧化菌群,母质层中Candidatus ‘Brocadia fulgida'增至73. 14%,取代Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(13.65%)成为主导种属.另外,相伴随的母质层土壤全细菌群落结构在培养过程中相对比较稳定,以厌氧或兼性厌氧的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占绝对主导(81.84%～95.45%),其中大部分为海洋营生的盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)和希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae).同时厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在培养过程中出现较明显增长.培养过程中,Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度变化显著正相关(r=0.991,p=0.009),与海洋营生的希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae)的相对丰度变化显著负相关(r=-0.971,p=0.029).综上,本文在一定程度上揭示了水分及盐度的变化对厌氧氨氧化的发生及菌群组成分布的重要影响,进一步拓展了对不同生境中厌氧氨氧化菌生理特性的认识.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil

Impacts of nutrient management on C mineralization and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission from soils have been of much concern in global change. Using laboratory incubation, the production of CH₄ and CO₂ were studied from both bulk samples and the particle size fractions (PSF) of topsoil from a paddy under a long-term different fertilization trial (including non (NF), chemical without (CF) and with manure (CFM) fertilization, respectively) in the Tai Lake Region, China. Four PSFs (2000–200, 200–20, 20–2, <2 μm) were separated from undisturbed samples collected after rice harvest by a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Both the bulk samples and PSFs were incubated under submerged condition for 72 days. The concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ evolved during incubation were determined by gas chromatography. C mineralization rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg C g⁻¹ C day⁻¹, with different fertilizations and size of the PSFs, and were not correlated with C/N ratio. While CO₂ production predominated over CH₄ from C mineralization from both bulk samples and the size fractions, CH₄ production played a predominant role in the total global warming potential (GWP) under all treatments. C mineralization of bulk soil was significantly higher under CF than under CFM and NF. CH₄ production, however, was 3 times as under CFM and 27 times as under NF, indicating a tremendous effect of chemical fertilization alone on the total GWP. CO₂ production from the PSFs differed from CH₄ under a single treatment, which was notably from the coarse PSFs larger than 200 μm. Higher C mineralization and CH₄ production with a higher metabolic quotient under CF implicated a vulnerability of soil functioning of GHGs mitigation in the paddy receiving chemical fertilizers only. Thus, rational organic amendments should be undertaken for mitigating the climate change.