利益主体视角下的西部新农合制度运行困境分析

实现新农合制度设计的初衷目标、提升制度的惠农政策效果,是亟待解决的重大现实问题.为探寻制度实施效果与设计预期目标的偏差,科学厘清出影响西部新农合惠农政策效果的主要因素,本文基于西部10省区17县(区)的780份农户调研数据及相关统计数据,从医(医疗服务机构)、患(参合农民)、保(医疗保障机构)、管(政府)四方利益主体的视角,对西部新农合制度运行中的困境进行剖析.研究结果表明,既有的新农合制度运行框架模式,会陷入医疗服务机构行为扭曲与服务供给可及性差并存、医疗保障机构经办能力不足与保障效果欠佳并存、政府市场化导向与公共服务职能缺失并存、农民参合意愿强烈与被动参合并存的运行困境.三方强势主导形成的主体间利益失衡,必然影响到新农合的持续运行发展.因此,在新农合制度由试点普及向规范持续运行转轨的关键时期,必须以激励约束机制为突破,构建利益相关主体的协同联动改革机制,有效调动运行主体的积极性,实现新农合制度的持续运行.     

包容性区域创新体系研究

实现包容性增长是中国未来发展的必然选择,其关键在于为长期处于社会网络边缘的贫困人群提供平等参与的机会.包容性创新充分利用贫困人群中蕴藏的巨大消费、生产、创业潜力,既为企业带来难以模仿的竞争优势,又让穷人参与到价值创造的过程中,帮助其公平合理地分享经济增长.但包容性创新活动面临着市场信息匮乏、知识和技能不足、制度体系不完善、基础设施落后、金融服务欠缺等特殊挑战,需要包容性区域创新体系为其提供支撑.包容性区域创新体系由创新主体子系统、创新支撑子系统、创新环境子系统三个子系统构成,在技术选择、改进与扩散,当地信息获取,知识传播和吸收,信任合作关系确立等方面发挥作用,并为包容性创新活动提供完善的基础设施,教育与培训体系,健全有效的制度环境以及必要的金融服务.为构建一个以消除贫困为导向的包容性区域创新体系,政府需要从提供有益于包容性创新的制度框架,消除包容性创新面临的特有障碍,提高包容性区域创新提供的效率与扩散范围以及增加贫困群体能力等四个方面入手.     

低碳消费偏好与低碳产品需求分析

低碳消费方式是低碳经济的重要环节,本文对低碳消费偏好和低碳产品需求及其影响因素作了理论分析和实证研究.首先对低碳产品的消费偏好进行了分析,低碳产品消费偏好的两个最重要特征是二元价值结构的产品和超越基本价值的消费偏好,在此基础上构建了低碳产品效用函数.然后根据低碳产品效用函数给出了低碳产品的一般需求模式,结合低碳产品置信度变量的引进,构建了一个具体的低碳产品需求函数,并对低碳产品需求函数进行分析,揭示了低碳产品需求的一些基本性质.为了验证低碳消费理论分析的结论,做了低碳产品消费的问卷调查.对问卷调查进行统计分析,结果表明:收入越高,对低碳产品支付的价格就越高;低碳产品的环境价值置信度越高,意愿支付价格就越商;低碳产品碳排放量降低越多,低碳产品需求价格就越高.最后,结合以上分析,从低碳宣传和公益广告、设立低碳产品标准、鼓励低碳产品技术研发角度提出了促进低碳消费发展的政策建议.     

生态服务价值评价在山区城市土地规划中的应用——以万源市太平镇为例

生态系统服务价值的变化决定着区域的可持续发展,其评估已成为生态学研究的热点之一,其研究结果对维持地区生态平衡、合理利用土地资源、建立可持续的土地利用模式等具有重要意义。本文在综合已有研究的基础上,通过估算万源市太平镇不同海拔高度土地生态服务价值量,探讨经济发展与生态服务价值变化的关系。结果表明,城市规划区的自然生态系统服务功能的价值是不可忽视的,自然生态系统无论是从物质上还是经济上,都为万源市太平镇的国民经济和社会可持续发展提供者重要支撑。从生态系统服务功能角度,海拔750 m高程是太平镇城市用地扩张的控制线。     

贵州喀斯特土石山区水土保持生态经济型植被恢复模式

以贵州省喀斯特土石山区为例,通过总结前人的研究成果和中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所喀斯特生态实验站的部分试验数据,从全局性、紧迫性、高效性、层次性、可持续性、创新性与多样性的角度提出了在贵州喀斯特土石山区的急坡地、陡坡地、缓陡坡地其水土保持生态经济型植被恢复模式分别采用3种典型模式,即:灌草模式,乔灌草模式与林果模式,以期促进该区域的生态、经济与社会的全面协调与可持续发展。     

论可持续发展观的贯彻与水资源论证制度的完善

可持续发展理念要求以环境资源承载力为依据规范人们开发、利用自然资源的行为。水资源论证制度是贯彻、实施可持续发展理念的良好制度形式,对于促进经济社会可持续发展意义重大,但我国现行立法中规定的水资源论证制度还不完善,影响了制度作用的充分发挥。完善相关立法,提高水资源论证制度的法律地位,是在水资源管理与保护方面贯彻可持续发展要求的关键任务。     

Comprehensive Assessment and Promotion Policy of Producer Services’ Competitiveness in Beijing City:A Comparative Analysis among Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen

The five central cities-Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen-of the three most important strategic regions in China,namely Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta,are taken as a comparative analysis on urban producer services’ competitiveness,especially focusing on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of producer services in Beijing.Firstly,based on an integrated indicator system including one objective hierarchy,four standard hierarchies and 35 indicator hierarchies,the study applies factor analysis model and analytic hierarchy process model reformed by entropy technology to measure the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services in the above five cities.Secondly,Beijing has comparative advantages of capital resource,industrial base,scientific research resource and market scale,since it takes the first place of the five cities in the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services,the competitiveness of industrial development,business environment and living environment,only inferior to Shanghai in the competitiveness of talent capital.Thirdly,Beijing has comparative disadvantages in the level of producer services development,urban innovation capability and living environment.Finally,five proposals are put forth to enhance the competitiveness of producer services in Beijing,namely perfecting the system of laws and statutes,supporting the development of industry association,implementing scientific development planning,introducing preferential fiscal and taxation policies and strengthening human capital reserve.     

CGE Simulation for Levying Carbon Tax in China and International Experience of Levying Carbon Tax

Levying carbon tax is conducive to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and protecting the environment.The author firstly reviewed some relevant empirical studies on carbon tax both home and abroad,and then established the CGE model and simulated levying carbon tax in China.The study found that levying carbon tax would have little impact on China’s economy:in a short-term,China’s GDP might decrease by 0.51%,while in a long-term it might decrease by 0.08%;however,the carbon dioxide emissions would be substantially reduced.Meanwhile,levying carbon tax has some negative impact on the output of each industry in the very economic structure;of this,the mineral extractive industries would be influenced the most.Then the author summarized experience of levying carbon tax in foreign countries.     

The Dual Model for Tourism Resource Productivity Improvement

For natural resource science, resource productivity studying is an important subject. But researches on tourism resource productivity are limited. The most significant influencing factor on tourism resource productivity is the potential market scale of tourist locations, and second most important influencing factor is the resource endowment. Regional urban population is significantly correlated with region tourist numbers, being the decisive factor of region potential tour market scale. In tourism development, the dual model should be adopted: on one hand to enhance tour spot attractiveness, on the other hand to cultivate the potential market by improving urbanization level and other means. In the situation of tourism development fever spreading, the dual model for improving tourism productivity helps to avoid the "Great Leap Forward" which means that too rapid tourism construction divorces from actual market demand.     

市场失灵、非市场价值与农地非农化过度性损失

农地资源不仅具有经济生产功能,还具有大气调节、涵养水源、保持土壤成分、休闲娱乐等多种生态功能,而在非农化过程中这些功能在市场中没有以价格的形式体现出来,没有包含在农地的现实价值中。因而,有必要对农地的非市场功能进行详尽的分类及价值估算。同时,将由于市场失灵而没能包含到农地总价值中的生态环境等非市场价值纳入到成本效益决策中,来减少市场失灵所造成的农地非农化的效率损失。通过对农地非市场功能的具体分类及量化,测算我国不同经济区域因市场失灵导致的农地非农化过度损失,结果显示,代表东、中、西部地区的江苏、湖北和甘肃省的农地非农化过度损失Ⅰ分别为31.58%、38.13%和43.85%,这为我国农地非农化的行为调控及相应公共政策措施的制订和实施提供了理论依据。