信息理论指数及其在有机磷农药毒性预测研究中的应用

为探讨化合物结构与毒性关系研究方法,将定量描述分子结构特征的信息理论指数、价分子连续性指数应用于有机磷农药毒性预测研究,提出了基团信息参数。运用判别分析、多元非线性回归分析,依据１１４种有机磷农药急性毒性数据资料,按动物不同给药途径,分别建立定性、定量预测模型,定性判别回代符合率均在８３．３３％以上,定量回归方程相关指数Ｒ＾２均在０．８１以上,回归残差呈正态分布。预测分析,预测值均在ＬＤ５０测定值     

基于IOCS的内蒙古潜在植被NPP空间分布特征研究

以综合顺序分类系统(IOCS)为基础,利用1985-2009年内蒙古及周边常规气象站的观测资料,采用NPP分类指数模型模拟内蒙古各潜在植被类型NPP,分析其空间分布特征及NPP与气候因子之间的关系。研究表明:①内蒙古地区植被NPP在空间分布上表现出一定的经向分布特征,多年均值介于0~366.5 gC·m^-2·a^-1之间,高值区中心分布在大兴安岭东北部;②各潜在植被类型中,碳汇潜力贡献率最大的潜在植被类型为微温微干温带典型草原类(ⅢC),其值为23.6%;最小的为寒温微干山地草原类(ⅡC),接近于0;③内蒙古潜在植被类型NPP表现出明显的干湿地带性和纬度地带性,且随寒温→微温→暖温、微干→微润→湿润→潮湿的变化其NPP值逐渐增大;但暖温极干暖温带荒漠类(ⅣA)和暖温干旱暖温带半荒漠类(ⅣB)并不符合这一规律,主要原因是较高的温度和较少的降水,达不到植被物质生长的需求。     

Do energy efficiency standards hurt consumers? Evidence from household appliance sales

We build novel welfare-based price indices for major household appliances that leverage changes in same-model prices and how consumers substitute between exiting, continuing and new models. We then evaluate how minimum energy efficiency requirements and changing criteria for Energy Star™ labels affected these indices in the U.S. between 2001 and 2011, a period of time when some appliances experienced standard changes while others did not. We find that prices declined while quality and consumer welfare increased, especially when standards become more stringent. We also find that much of the price index decline can be attributed to standards-induced innovation, or cannibalism, not to inter-manufacturer competition. Our results also add to a growing body of evidence that the Consumer Price Index exaggerates inflation due to inadequate account of quality and substitution to new goods.     

Rapana venosa as a bioindicator of environmental pollution

The aim of this investigation was to examine biochemical differences in the gastropod Rapana venosa (R. venosa) from polluted (RvP) and nonpolluted (RvN) sites of the Black Sea's Bulgarian coast that may serve as bioindicators of environmental quality. Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis (MMg) were collected from polluted (MMgP) and nonpolluted (MMgN) sites at the same time for comparison. Bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of dry matter (DM) methanol extracts from RvP and RvN were determined. Three-dimensional fluorometry (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses were used to evaluate polyphenols and proteins. DM methanol extracts from RvP, and to lesser extent RvN, showed high amounts of total phenolics (23.22±2.9 and 15.60±1.8 mg GAE · g^?1 DW) and exhibited high levels of antioxidant activity in some radical scavenging assays (μ MTE · g^?1 DW): 56.38±5.2 and 33.79±3.3 by 2,2azino-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamonium salt (ABTS·⁺); 54.79±5.6 and 33.7±2.6 by cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC); 62.34±6.8 and 30.31±3.9 by the 1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH). A correlation in the above indices was found between R. venosa and M. galloprovincialis, but all results were relatively higher for M. galloprovincialis than for R. venosa. The obtained indices of R. venosa may serve as a bioindicator of environmental ecological quality.     

硅藻指数在水环境监测与评价中的应用

介绍了硅藻种类组成对水环境状态的指示作用及硅藻指数法的基本原理,通过比较、分析发现：硅藻属指数适用于综合评价亚热带、热带地区的水体污染程度;硅藻模型相似性指数适用于评价气候稳定地区的水污染状况;生物硅藻指数适用范围广,稳定性最好;湖泊富营养化硅藻指数、营养指数、富营养化硅藻指数均为可靠的水体富营养化评价指数。指出目前硅藻的分类与鉴定体系不够完善,还应开展研究消除季节变化对硅藻指数方法稳定性的影响。     

Application of remote and in situ information to the management of wetlands in Poland

The protection and regeneration of wetlands has been of crucial importance as a goal in ecological research and in nature conservation for some time and is more important than ever now. Knowledge about the biophysical properties of wetlands' vegetation retrieved from satellite images enables us to improve the monitoring of these unique areas, which are otherwise very often impenetrable and therefore difficult to examine, analyze and assess by means of site visits. The Biebrza Wetlands are situated in the North-East part of Poland and are one of the largest areas made up of marshes and swamps in the entire EU. This is still one of the wildest areas and one of the least destroyed, damaged or changed by human impact. However, in the recent decades there have been attempts made to intensify and overexploit the natural resources of the region and implement new agriculture practices in the area. In this period, drainage canals have been built, and a good deal of the area has been drained. The area of this precious ecosystem covers 25 494 ha. This valuable area of peat with unique vegetation species and with very special birds is one of the most valuable areas in Europe and in 1995 was added to the list of Ramsar sites. The investigation of wetlands in the Biebrza River Valley has been carried out at ground level by taking measurements of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, Leaf Area Index, wet and dry biomass and the levels of ground water and meteorological parameters. Also examined were radiative temperature, detailed vegetation mapping, and APAR. For some years the deterioration of peat lands has been noticed due to the drying out of the area and the frequent outbreak of fires. The consequence is the succession of new vegetation and the appearance of new ecosystems. The Remote Sensing Centre in the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography has undertaken the investigation by applying ERS-2.SAR and ENVISAT ASAR of IS2 and IS4 and VV, HH, HV polarization for the purpose of modeling soil moisture and humidity changes of the area under investigation. The investigation also aimed at finding the best biophysical properties of wetlands' vegetation to characterize marshland habitats and its changes. At the same time as registering the microwave data, the optical data from Landsat ETM+, SPOT VEGETATION, ERS-2.ATSR, ENVISAT MERIS, and NOAA/AVHRR have been registered and information about the biomass and heat fluxes as sensible and latent heat has also been calculated. The vegetation indices are calculated from EO satellite data taking into account jointly the features of vegetation responsible for reflection in various bands and combining this information from several spectral bands. Also, the changes in the humidity of the area have been examined by extracting the backscattering coefficients from two SAR images that were taken at a similar period of the year but with a gap of 5 years. The information about soil moisture as retention, soil moisture changes, heat fluxes and evapotranspiration are all very important for estimates of CO(2) sequestration. The ENVISAT images have been obtained for the ESA AO-ID122 project. Also the SMOS and ALOS data will be applied for the Biebrza Wetlands in the future.     

Nematodes as indicators of ecosystem development during platinum mine tailings reclamation

As nematodes are widespread throughout the terrestrial ecosystem, and have shown potential to be used as indicators of ecosystem development. Nematode indices were used to distinguish between two different amendment types during platinum mine tailing reclamation. The two different amendment types include the use of woodchip-vermicompost and inorganic fertiliser. Both treatments had a higher number of nematodes than the natural veldt. Of the 17 genera identified, Rhabditis dominated in all sites. A significant difference (ANOVA; p < 0.05) was observed between Plant parasitic indices of both treatments and the natural veldt. The main decomposition pathway was dominated by bacterial decomposition for all sites as evident from the Channel index values. The dominance of bacterial feeding nematodes and the high number of nematodes feeding on higher plants indicate that the platinum mine tailings sites may be in an initial stage of succession. It is expected that the woodchip-vermicompost may have a low C:N ratio, causing the system to be nutrient enriched as indicated by the enrichment index. An increase in food-web development was observed in the woodchip-vermicompost sites indicating recovery from disturbance, during the third sampling period.     

淮河流域水生态环境现状评价与分析

为了全面评价淮河闸坝与污染对淮河水生态的影响,必须首先对水生态现状有一个全局的认识。从淮河流域全局出发,通过对淮河典型河段的水生态和水环境进行现场调查与室内分析,对流域内水生态环境现状进行了综合评价。采用生物学指数与水生物指示环境结合的方法评价水体污染程度、生态系统稳定性与河流/水库的健康程度。评价结果表明：(1)颍河中下游地区与沭河中下游地区水生态系统脆弱,河流多处于病态;(2)涡河付桥闸、东孙营闸到蒙城闸段水生态系统不稳定,河流不健康,但下游河段水生态有自恢复迹象;(3)洪汝河河流多处于亚健康状态,水生态环境自修复能力较强;(4)淮干水生态环境质量的突变点在临淮岗,上游较好;(5)西部、南部山区水库水生态环境质量最好;(6)整个流域水生态质量西高东低,南高北低;优劣顺序为：西部、南部山区＞洪汝河水系＞涡河中下游地区＞颍河、沭河中下游地区。建议枯水期加大淮干以南及上游山区水库的下泻流量,保持河道畅通和一定流速,提高水体自净能力,同时控制颍河、涡河上游污染物的排放,联合调度水量与水质,淮河水生态得以修复。     

北疆地区近53年极端气温事件及其影响因素分析

根据北疆地区1960—2012年31个气象站点的逐日最高气温和最低气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、主成分分析和反距离加权等方法对该地区的年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温和14个极端气温指数的时空变化特征进行了研究,并探讨了各极端气温指数与北极涛动指数、北大西洋涛动指数和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动之间的关系。研究表明:(1)近53年来,北疆地区年平均最低气温、年平均最高气温分别以0.49℃·(10a)~(-1)、0.22℃·(10a)~(-1)的年际倾向率呈显著的上升趋势;气温日较差以0.27℃·(10a)~(-1)的年际倾向率呈显著下降趋势。极端暖指数除暖昼日数、夏日日数和极端最高气温均表现为不显著的上升趋势外,其他暖指数均呈显著上升趋势;极端冷指数中除极端最低气温、日最高气温的极小值呈上升趋势外,其他冷指数均呈减小趋势;在空间变化上各极端气温指数均表现为在阿尔泰山东南部地区和伊犁河谷地区变化幅度较大,其他地区变化较小。(2)冷指数(冷夜、日最高气温的极小值、极端最低气温)的增温幅度明显大于部分暖指数(暖夜、日最低气温极大值、极端最高气温),这一变化特征在山麓、山谷等地区表现最为明显,而在这一地区夜指数(暖夜、冷夜)的变暖幅度也明显大于昼指数(暖昼、冷昼)。(3)极端气温指数与大气环流指数相关性分析表明,三种大气环流指数中北极涛动指数对北疆地区极端气温的影响最为明显,其次是北大西洋涛动指数,且这两种大气环流指数对研究区极端气温冷指数的影响较为显著,而厄尔尼诺-南方涛动对研究区极端气温影响较小。     

河道型水库基于敏感性分区的营养状态标准与评价方法研究

通过对河道型水库水动力学空间特征及其与富营养化敏感性的关系研究,提出了基于河道型水库敏感分区的营养状态评价标准体系以及评价方法.采用滞留率、缓流率等水动力学概率特征指标计算敏感性风险概率指数,在此基础上将河道型水库划分为河流类型区、过渡类型区和湖泊类型区,对不同类型区分别制定营养状态评价标准.建立了由叶绿素a、总磷、总氮及其透明度组成的营养状态评价指标体系,并对各种评价指标在河道型水库的适用条件进行了分析.提出了制定河道型水库营养状态指标分级标准值的统计学分析、营养化指数与营养状态指标的回归分析、营养状态指标的阈值分析等方法.同时对河道型水库的营养状态综合评价方法进行了研究,提出了河道型水库的营养状态综合指数计算方法以及营养状态划分标准.