不同四环素浓度对好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥过程影响的对比研究

好氧堆肥及蚯蚓堆肥是对畜禽粪便进行肥料化处置的有效方式,但畜禽粪便中残留的不同浓度四环素对二者堆肥过程的影响是否相同却并不清楚.因此,将不同浓度(5、25、125 mg·kg^-1)的四环素添加到牛粪-秸秆物料中,对比了好氧堆肥与蚯蚓堆肥堆制过程中堆体腐熟度指标的变化、堆肥产品养分含量的区别以及堆肥产品中四环素去除效率的差异,以期为不同浓度四环素的畜禽粪便肥料化提供适宜的处置方法 .研究结果显示,高浓度(125 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加延缓了好氧堆肥的升温进程,但与低浓度(5、25 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加处理相比并未显著影响堆体的腐熟度指标、堆肥产品总养分含量及速效养分含量.高浓度(125 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加导致了蚯蚓堆肥中蚯蚓密度和生物量的显著下降,并导致蚯蚓堆肥无法正常启动.在蚯蚓堆肥中,低浓度(5、25 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加处理之间在堆体的腐熟度指标,堆肥产品总养分含量及速效养分含量方面无显著差异.好氧堆肥对畜禽粪便中四环素的去除率可达90%以上,显著高...     

An integrated investigation of biomarkers’ response in crabs (Liocarcinus depurator) and benthic indices at a metalliferous waste discharge area in North Evoikos gulf,Greece

This study applied biomarkers and benthic indices at an area in North Evoikos Gulf, Greece, affected by metalliferous slag disposal. Biomarkers of antioxidant defense (catalase, glutathione S-transferase), and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase) were measured in crabs Liocarcinus depurator. Iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in sediments and crabs were also measured. High levels of all metals were found in sediments at the disposal area. Metal levels in the crabs were also higher in the disposal area although spatial differences were not as marked as in the sediments. Accordingly, biomarker responses of crabs in the disposal area were also noted suggesting impact on the antioxidant defense of the organisms against oxidative stress. Benthic indices showed disturbance in the disposal area. The combined approach of measuring biomarkers and contaminant levels in the crabs and sediment was complementary to the benthic indices approach providing indications of metal exposure related effects. Our results support the idea that a twofold monitoring approach of assessing both the benthic community structure shifts and the biomarkers and metal accumulation levels may integrate and capture both the structural and the toxicological effects of dumping onto the benthic communities.     

Sustainable development strategies for China's Du Jiang Yan Water Resources Project

China's Du Jiang Yan Irrigation Project, dating back to 256 BC, is one of the world's earliest water resources projects. Although it has been benefiting the Sichuan Basin area for over 2000 years, it is facing increasing problems due to ecological deterioration, over-exploitation from local industries and agriculture, suboptimal resource allocation arising from supply and demand mismatches, and an aging infrastructure. The traditional water resources development model is no longer appropriate for current and future needs of the area. Therefore, a sustainable development framework is envisioned in which population, economy and environment coexist in harmony. Within this framework, major strategies, such as construction and renovation of infrastructure, promotion of water conserving irrigation through non-engineering measures, pollution control and ecological improvements, restructuring of management entities and exploration of new funding sources, are proposed. An evaluation system is also introduced to assess the degree of sustainability and to monitor progress towards a high level of sustainable development.     

Effect of molecular properties on the photocatalytic degradation rates of dichlorophenols and dichloroanilines in aqueous TiO2 suspensions

The kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation of 10 different dichlorophenols and dichloroanilines have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. With the intention of finding certain molecular indices in order to determine the degradation rates of aromatic pollutants, geometry optimizations of the compounds have been performed with the semiempirical PM3 method. The molecular orbital calculations have been carried out by an SCF method using the RHF formalism. The correlations between the apparent first-order rate constants and the calculated molecular properties of the compounds have been examined. Four different structure–activity relationships have been developed expressing the logarithms of the rate constants in terms of the Hammett constants, electron densities of the substituents, the coefficients and the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbitals HOMO, and 1-octanol/water partition coefficients log?K _OW.     

A multicriteria approach for mapping risks of agricultural pollution for water resources: The Venice Lagoon watershed case study

A multicriteria analysis system was developed for producing risk maps of agricultural pollution due to alternative cultivation systems in the Watershed of the Lagoon of Venice (WLV) in Italy. Results of a field-scale simulation model for agricultural diffuse pollution were used to compile a matrix of environmental impacts, in terms of pollution indices. The most widespread combinations of typical environments (as defined by combinations of soil and climate variables) and alternative land uses (types of crops and cultivation systems) were described in the impact matrix. Land use in terms of crop distribution was based on census data. Two alternative cultivation systems were defined on the basis of the recent changes to the European Common Agricultural Policy: ordinary and eco-compatible. The effects of alternative scenarios were evaluated in terms of pollution risks for water resources. The evaluation procedure was built into the framework of a geographical information system to take into account the spatial features of pollution phenomena, vulnerability of the land and risk for water resources. The results demonstrated the great potential of eco-compatible practices for reducing the risks for surface and groundwater (−15 and −50%, respectively).     

Are Bavarian Forests (southern Germany) at risk from ground-level ozone? Assessment using exposure and flux based ozone indices

Exposure and flux-based indices of O₃ risk were compared, at 19 forest locations across Bavaria in southern Germany from 2002 to 2005; leaf symptoms on mature beech trees found at these locations were also examined for O₃ injury. O₃ flux modelling was performed using continuously recorded O₃ concentrations in combination with meteorological and soil moisture data collected from Level II forest sites. O₃ measurements at nearby rural open-field sites proved appropriate as surrogates in cases where O₃ data were lacking at forest sites (with altitude-dependent average differences of about 10% between O₃ concentrations). Operational thresholds of biomass loss for both O₃ indices were exceeded at the majority of the forest locations, suggesting similar risk under long-term average climate conditions. However, exposure-based indices estimated higher O₃ risk during dry years as compared to the flux-based approach. In comparison, minor O₃-like leaf injury symptoms were detected only at a few of the forest sites investigated. Relationships between flux-based risk thresholds and tree response need to be established for mature forest stands for validation of predicted growth reductions under the prevailing O₃ regimes.     

武汉市夏季湖泊水体理化指标主成份和聚类分析

为深入了解湖泊水体理化因子的变化规律,为湖泊渔业和湖泊水质管理提供基础数据,于2007年夏季测定了武汉市梁子湖、斧头湖、柴泊湖、〖JP2〗南湖和野芷湖5个养殖湖泊的TN、NH+4 N、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、〖JP〗PO3-4 P、DO、pH、CODMn、WT、SD和EC,应用SPSS软件,对测定结果从事了主成份分析和聚类分析。主成份分析结果表明,3个主成份分别为营养环境因子（包括TN、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、pH、CODMn和EC）、生存因子（DC）和铵吸收因子（NH+4 N）。Q型聚类结果表明,5个湖泊的13个点可聚为4大类,即第1类为9、10、11、12、13号点;第2类是1、2、4号点;第3类是5、6、7、8号点;第4类是3号点。可将5个湖泊分为3类,即斧头湖和梁子湖为一类,柴泊湖为一类,野芷湖和南湖为一类。这一结果是城市废水、生活污水和养殖生产所致。     

Analyzing maps of dispersal around a single focus

The spatial pattern of organisms may be used to characterize their dispersal, quantify spread or estimate the point of introduction of an alien species. Their distribution may be represented by maps of individuals, or by counts or by presence/absence at known positions within a sampled area. The problems and relative merits of these different forms of data for spatial inference are discussed. Three datasets concerning dispersal from a single focus are analyzed: counts of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, on barley plants, Hordeum vulgare, grown in experi- mental trays; mapped locations of couch grass, Elymus repens, tillers within plots of a field experiment; locations of sightings of the lupin aphid, Macrosiphum albifrons, as it invaded Great Britain between 1981 and 1984. A method for generating maps from counts is proposed to overcome problems caused by recording imprecision. Several statistics are used to quantify dispersal and spatial pattern in the experimental data and together provide a clear picture of the spatial pattern observed; they enabled several effects of the experimental treatments to be identified. The value of the statistics are compared. Estimates of the source of the lupin aphid invasion are obtained using the backtracking methods of Perry (1995b) and do not contradict previous suggestions.     

基于ETM影像的植被指数在土地利用中的特征——以雅安市雨城区为例

利用LandSAT7号卫星的ETM数据、土地利用现状数据，在GIS空间分析工具与ERDAS空间建模语言的支持下，提取ETM影像的RVI、NDVI和MSAVI等3类植被指数，在ArcGIS中应用样带统计分析工具，统计并分析3类植被指数在各土地利用类型中的分布与特征。结果表明：RVI与NDVI、MSAVI在各土地利用中的特征相似，都能较好的反映土地利用类型的覆盖程度，但各植被指数的表现形式有异，即RVI值高的，NDVI、MSAVI值较低，代表的植被覆盖度也较低，反之亦然；3类植被指数能较好的区分出农田用地、非植被覆盖区、植被覆盖区，而林地与灌木林、早地与园地则不易区分。     

生态城市建设的研究

探讨了生态城市的概念、内涵和特征，从城市生态系统的结构、功能和协调度三个方面构建城市生态评价指标体系，应用层次分析法(AHP)对北京、上海、成都、西安、兰州、乌鲁木齐6个城市的生态状况进行定量分析，提出了城市生态建设的对策。