川西亚高山人工针叶林枯枝落叶及苔藓层的持水性能

亚高山针叶林作为”长江上游生态屏障”的主体 ,具有重要的水源涵养和水土保持作用 .本文作者对川西地区典型的不同恢复阶段的人工云杉林、迹地、次生林和原始林下苔藓与枯枝落叶层贮量和持水性能进行了试验研究 .结果表明 ,人工云杉林在生态恢复过程中 ,苔藓与枯枝落叶层的贮量和持水性能均呈现出波动式递增 ,表现为 30a <4 0a <6 0a<5 0a,5 0a云杉林达到最大值 ,苔藓、枯枝落叶层的贮量分别为 10 .96× 10 3 kg/hm2 、76 .9× 10 3 kg /hm2 ,最大持水量分别为 4 4 .77× 10 3 kg /hm2 、182 .5× 10 3 kg /hm2 ,以后略有下降 .枯枝落叶层持水性能优于苔藓 ,说明枯枝落叶层在森林的水源涵养方面发挥了更为重要的作用 .人工林枯枝落叶层贮量和持水性能较天然林有所降低 ,反映了该地区在人工林的建设中应注意其生态功能的恢复 .图 2表 2参 8     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物酶活性及其与富营养化的关系

为揭示富营养化湖泊沉积物营养物分解合成过程的生物化学机制,研究了长江中下游6个浅水湖泊沉积物氮、磷、有机质和铵氮含量,水解酶、氧化还原酶活性,微生物种类与数量及之间的关系.结果表明:大通湖、珊珀湖、赛城湖和军山湖等养殖型湖泊,污染严重,其沉积物脲酶活性明显高于污染程度轻的大型湖泊鄱阳湖和洞庭湖,且与沉积物总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)含量呈极显著正相关(r=885,P<0.01;r=0.900,P<0.01);沉积物碱性磷酸酶(APA)活性与总磷(TP)含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.986,P<0.01).湖泊沉积物过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶与过氧化物酶活性变化趋势相近,分布状况与湖泊污染程度、人类活动干扰程度等紧密相连.湖泊沉积物微生物以细菌为主,放线菌次之,真菌最少.各湖泊氨化细菌数量差异较小,而反硝化细菌数量差异较大,反硝化细菌可能是导致该区域湖泊沉积物氮素累积的重要生物指示因子,可以作为反映湖泊富营养化程度的生物指示因子.     

Major shifts in Amazon wildlife populations from recent intensification of floods and drought

In the western Amazon Basin, recent intensification of river‐level cycles has increased flooding during the wet seasons and decreased precipitation during the dry season. Greater than normal floods occurred in 2009 and in all years from 2011 to 2015 during high‐water seasons, and a drought occurred during the 2010 low‐water season. During these years, we surveyed populations of terrestrial, arboreal, and aquatic wildlife in a seasonally flooded Amazonian forest in the Loreto region of Peru (99,780 km²) to study the effects of intensification of natural climatic fluctuations on wildlife populations and in turn effects on resource use by local people. Shifts in fish and terrestrial mammal populations occurred during consecutive years of high floods and the drought of 2010. As floods intensified, terrestrial mammal populations decreased by 95%. Fish, waterfowl, and otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) abundances increased during years of intensive floods, whereas river dolphin and caiman populations had stable abundances. Arboreal species, including, macaws, game birds, primates, felids, and other arboreal mammals had stable populations and were not affected directly by high floods. The drought of 2010 had the opposite effect: fish, waterfowl, and dolphin populations decreased, and populations of terrestrial and arboreal species remained stable. Ungulates and large rodents are important sources of food and income for local people, and large declines in these animals has shifted resource use of people living in the flooded forests away from hunting to a greater reliance on fish.     

醌类图谱分析在环境微生物生态测定中的应用

近年来，随着人们对各种非培养微生物测定法的重视，醌类图谱分析作为微生物群体指标已在各种环境中得到了应用．首先是样品的分析测定技术得到了提高，如用硅胶柱代替薄层色谱．醌类图谱分析的特点是能够同时对应微生物生态评价的3个重要指标，即微生物群体结构、生物量及微生物多样性．在结合统计分析的基础上，在土壤、污泥及堆肥等不同环境样品及不同微生物反应过程中，已通过醌类图谱分析对这3个指标在微生物生态系中的变动进行了成功的评价．另外，对C-14同位素标记醌类图谱分析法及醌类图谱分析法在污染物降解中的应用等最新进展也进行了简介．图4表3参43     

高温堆肥中微生物的生长特征及动力学建模

对高温好氧堆肥中微生物的生长特征和动力学进行了研究，发现微生物的生长受温度影响很大，随温度变化呈波动性变化．同时，基于Logistic模型和Malthus模型，对微生物生长进行分析，得到了描述堆肥过程中的微生物生长动力学模型和模型参数．用实验数据与模型计算值进行验证比较，模型计算与实验结果拟合良好，模型正确地反映了高温好氧堆肥中微生物的生长过程及其动力学机制．图3表1参12     

Microecosystem Analysis of the Structure and Functions of Forest Biogeocenoses

The microecosystem approach and an adequate system of quantitative methods have been used to study the relationship between the chorologic changes in the structure and functions of edificator tree stand and other components of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest cenoecosystems of the Transural and Northern Turgai regions. Significant correlations of the density of pine undergrowth with the litter thickness; of its growth with root competition, stand closeness, and, to a lower degree, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and of the numbers of small mammals and groups of soil mesofauna with herbaceous phytomass have been found. The possibility of the synthesis of population-ecological, synecological, and biogeocenological methods has been demonstrated.     

Dynamics of herbaceous layer structure around the nests of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Formica aquilonia</Emphasis> Yarr. at initial stages of their formation

The time course of changes in characteristics of herbaceous vegetation around Formica aquilonia Yarr. ant nests formed from artificially relocated fragments of original families was studied over 6 years. At the initial stage of nest formation, species richness and diversity of the herbaceous layer decreased, and its taxonomic, spatial, phytocenotic, and ecological structure changed. Trivialization of vegetation around anthills was observed. The proportion of zoochorous and anemophilous plants with narrow or strongly dissected leaves increased in the developing myrmecotopic assemblages.     

阵列燃烧诱发火焰融合的判据及其可行性研究

为了探究一种判定多火源等间距阵列燃烧时火源参与火焰融合程度的判据,基于多火源等间距阵列燃烧试验,获得n×n(n取3~7）阵列各火源层在不同火源间距条件下的无量纲平均燃烧速率,采用自定义拟合的方法,拟合出各火源层的无量纲平均燃烧速率随无量纲火源间距的变化曲线,将所得拟合曲线与火源参与火焰融合的临界值曲线相交,便可得到各火源层的临界无量纲火源间距值。分析该值,发现其与火源层数呈良好的线性关系,且此线性直线与试验结果吻合度较高。从而,获得一种应用无量纲火源间距判定阵列火源参与火焰融合程度的简易判据。     

上保护层开采对下部特厚煤层移动变形规律及保护效果考察研究

选取海石湾煤矿特厚煤层6124工作面为研究对象,为了确定上保护层开采对下部特厚煤层6124工作面的影响,运用FLAC3D软件对上保护层开采后被保护层应力和位移变化规律进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:被保护层被保护区域位移沿垂直方向呈“拱形”分布,被保护层最大位移变化量为354 mm,变化范围在160～354 mm之间;被保护层被保护区域的应力变化呈“V”形分布,被保护层最大拉应力变化量为0.489 MPa,变化范围在0.314～0.489 MPa之间,最大压应力变化量为31.3 MPa,变化范围在25.8～31.3 MPa之间;实施上保护层开采后,煤层瓦斯抽采率提高了39.5%,残余瓦斯含量降到7.16 m3/t,残余瓦斯压力降到0.58 MPa,该参数的确定为海石湾煤矿特厚高瓦斯煤层的合理开采提供了一定的理论指导。     

考虑非独立保护层影响的LOPA改进策略研究

针对LOPA在识别保护层方面的局限性,通过考虑非独立保护层的影响,将非独立保护层分为不满足有效性与不满足独立性2类进行分析,针对不同类型的非独立保护层分别应用引入削减系数以及与故障树分析（FTA）集成的方法对传统LOPA进行改进,并结合具体案例验证其适用性。研究结果表明:改进方法的计算结果较传统方法计算结果降低了1个数量级,避免了传统方法过于保守的评价结果;通过对传统方法的改进,克服了LOPA在识别保护层方面以及场景频率计算方面的局限性,有助于拓展其使用范围。