巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山区沙层含水量与水分来源探讨

为了查明巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山区沙层含水量、水分来源等问题,于2009年5月大沙山区进行了15个5 m深钻孔的采样研究。结果表明,巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山区干沙层分布深度比降水较多地区干沙层分布深度大,湿沙层含水量比降水多的地区低,指示该区的湿沙层含水量一般小于2%是当地气候条件下的正常现象。该区沙层水分主要以薄膜水的形式存在,并具有向下运移的特点,表明完全有可能成为湖水和地下水的来源之一。高大沙山区沙层含水量空间差异明显,洼地含水量最高与平地含水量较高,是大气降水向地下入渗的渠道。高大沙山区厚度小的干沙层的存在表明该区沙层水分受蒸发作用影响深度小,这能够有力促进大气降水通过入渗转化为地下水,这是在极端干旱气候条件下大气降水有可能入渗到达地下水位并成为湖水来源的主要原因。该区水分具有正平衡的显示,这是沙层水分入渗快和受蒸发作用影响深度小造成的,属于沙层水理性质决定的水分正平衡。     

阵列燃烧诱发火焰融合的判据及其可行性研究

为了探究一种判定多火源等间距阵列燃烧时火源参与火焰融合程度的判据,基于多火源等间距阵列燃烧试验,获得n×n(n取3~7）阵列各火源层在不同火源间距条件下的无量纲平均燃烧速率,采用自定义拟合的方法,拟合出各火源层的无量纲平均燃烧速率随无量纲火源间距的变化曲线,将所得拟合曲线与火源参与火焰融合的临界值曲线相交,便可得到各火源层的临界无量纲火源间距值。分析该值,发现其与火源层数呈良好的线性关系,且此线性直线与试验结果吻合度较高。从而,获得一种应用无量纲火源间距判定阵列火源参与火焰融合程度的简易判据。     

一起电梯“掉层”故障的分析及处理

针对电梯“掉层”故障,通过现场勘查和模拟试验等方法,对电梯“掉层”现象的原因进了分析,提出了相应的处理和预防措施。     

Ecology,ecological poverty and sustainable development in Central Himalayan region of India

The people inhabiting the mountains of the Central Himalayan region of India are heavily dependent on their immediate natural resources for their survival. However, this resource-poor mountain ecosystem is gradually becoming unable to provide a minimum standard of living to its continually growing population. In this ecosystem, human population is doubling every 27–30 years, against the declining resource base, particularly forests. Forest are disappearing both quantitatively and qualitatively. Against the requirement of 18 ha of forest land to maintain production in 1 ha of cultivated land, the ratio of forests to cultivated land is only 1.33: 1. The present production from grasslands supports 8 units of livestock, against the ideal 2 units, and the gap between the demand and deficit of fodder is more than 5-fold. Loss of vegetative cover is resulting in drying up of water resources, compelling the women to walk longer distances to collect water. This ecological deterioration, apart from human growth and interference, is compounded by mountain specificities such as inaccessibility, fragility, marginality, diversity, niche and adaptability. The specificities manifest in isolation, distance, poor communication, limited mobility, etc., resulting in limited external linkages and replication of external experiences, and slow pace of development. They, therefore, restrict options for economic growth, effecting poverty and affecting the quality of life of the people of the region. Poverty, in this mountain ecosystem cannot be understood and assessed independent of ecological wealth and would better be termed as ecological poverty. The development efforts to be effective in alleviating poverty here, should take into account mountain specificities and incorporate options which have larger human dimensions, such as mechanisms for population control, socio-economic and cultural conditioning, indigenous knowledge systems of the local people and simple technologies that are already in practice or have potential and are based on least external inputs.     

Indigenous people and sustainable development in Amazonas

Indigenous populations have lived for many generations in a sustainable fashion, developing knowledge about how to live in harmony with the environment. However, the sustainability of their life styles, their quality of life and the maintenance of intact ecosystems are threatened by a series of changes, including incorporation into the general fabric of society, conflict with non-indigenous migrants, expansion of indigenous populations and the globalization of national economies. This paper looks at the potential for policy to deal with these issues. In particular, it is shown that the ‘polluter pays principle’ is not appropriate for indigenous societies. The paper recommends a set of policies and shows how international cooperation in the areas of monitoring and enforcement, augmentation of demand for rain forest products and eco-certification can help indigenous groups improve their quality of life and maintain ecosystems in their current undisturbed state.     

DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating as an efficient diffusion material for cathode in the microbial fuel cell

In this study, DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating was proposed for the cathode diffusion layer of the microbial fuel cell (MFC). In MFCs, stainless steel mesh cathodes using DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating/carbon as the diffusion layer and two poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/carbon diffusion layers and carbon cloth cathode with four poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) diffusion layers were constructed for comparison. Under the same operational condition, the MFCs with the DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating/carbon diffusion layer produced the maximum power density of 1585±52 mW·m^-2, compared with those using poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) diffusion layers (1421±45 mW·m^-2) and poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/carbon diffusion layers (1353±49 mW·m^-2). The DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating could be an alternative for the diffusion layer construction in the MFC due to its remarkable performance and much simple construction procedure.     

人工油松林不同生长阶段深层土壤有机碳和活性碳的差异及其影响因素

研究深层土壤碳库动态对了解陆地生态系统深层碳汇潜力、应对全球CO₂升高具有重要意义。论文以黄土丘陵区人工油松林为研究对象,以撂荒地为参照,分析了不同生长阶段的人工油松林地0~200 cm土层土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）和活性有机碳（readily oxidizable carbon,ROC）动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：在0~200 cm剖面上,不同生长阶段油松林SOC含量及储量较撂荒地显著提高。浅层（0~100 cm）SOC平均含量,成熟林为撂荒地的2.03倍,提高最大;其次是中龄林,为1.85倍;最后是幼龄林,为1.59倍。深层（100~200 cm）SOC平均含量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林分别较撂荒地提高了1.43、1.38和1.36倍。各生长阶段油松林浅层和深层SOC储量分别占0~200 cm SOC储量的61.0%~69.8%和30.2%~39.0%,不同生长阶段间浅层SOC储量差异显著,但深层SOC储量差异不大。浅层ROC储量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林依次提高了54.8%、82.0%和91.6%;深层ROC储量依次提高了32.4%、40.9%和58.1%,且深层储量占0~200 cm土层的31.2%~33.3%。不仅浅层SOC和ROC含量受多个因素的影响,而且深层ROC含量也与油松高度、根系生物量以及枯落物厚度、干重呈极显著正相关。因此,人工林建设不仅显著提高浅层SOC和ROC含量,而且对深层土壤的固碳能力有一定改善。     

催化铁与生物耦合工艺条件下表面附着层特征分析

催化铁与生物耦合在污水处理中有独特技术优势,处理过程中催化铁表面易形成附着层,对界面反应影响较大.使用扫描电镜、X射线能谱、X射线粉末衍射及红外光谱等表征手段对催化铁表面附着物的微观形态、元素组成、物质构成等理化性质进行了表征.不同工艺条件下,铁、碳、氧均为催化铁表面附着层的主要元素,纯曝气氧化条件下附着层相对疏松,主要为羟基氧化铁等铁氧化物;耦合生物除磷工艺条件下主要为非晶态物,较密实且易附着微生物;耦合生物脱氮工艺条件下附着物微观结构呈颗粒或絮状,含有复杂铁矿物. 对比发现:微生物的参与促进附着层的非晶化,增强催化铁表面结合有机物的能力;曝气可加速铁表面更新,厌氧条件利于微生物附着.     

铜陵矿集区土壤中污染元素对微生物特性的影响研究

通过铜陵矿集区土壤中重金属污染元素含量与土壤中微生物生物量之间的对应关系,研究其环境效应。采集深度为20cm的土样,分别制备不同微生物的培养基以期对土壤中的微生物进行分离计数,细菌和放线菌采用稀释平板涂布法计数,高铁还原菌采用最大或然数法计数。研究结果表明,铜陵矿集区土壤中As、Au、Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb元素含量与土壤中细菌、放线菌、高铁还原菌数量之间的相关关系为：As、Au、Zn、Cu与细菌和放线菌,Cd、Pb与放线菌的含量呈负相关关系,指示了土壤中高浓度污染元素对微生物的抑制作用;Cd、Pb与细菌,Cd、Zn与高铁还原菌的含量呈正相关关系,反映部分微生物受污染元素的胁迫已产生了耐受性;Au、Pb、As与高铁还原菌数量的关系不明显。通过实验数据发现,微生物在重金属含量高的区域和含量低的区域的数量下降了大约2～3个数量级,有些区域微生物数量下降了约50%。矿集区土壤中三种菌种对污染元素的敏感程度不同,其敏感程度依次是：放线菌〉细菌〉高铁还原菌。矿集区部分土壤中,细菌、高铁还原菌由于其本身的耐受性或由于受胁迫而产生了耐受性,对Cd、Zn、Pb等三种重金属污染元素的抗性水平较高,具有作为土壤重金属元素污染修复微生物菌种的潜力。     

北京2019年冬季一次典型霾污染特征与成因分析

为研究北京冬季霾污染过程的污染特征和成因,以北京2019年12月一次典型PM_2.5污染过程为分析对象,利用气溶胶垂直探测资料、边界层气象场和近地湍流资料,对霾不同污染阶段的特征与边界层理化特性的演变进行综合分析.结果表明：①观测期间北京共经历两次污染生消,历时5 d,PM_2.5小时浓度最高220 μg·m^-3,超过重度污染标准的时次占比53%.②高空稳定形势和地面均压场配置下,来自北京西南城市群地表的气溶胶和水汽传输（占比48%）,在近地层偏南弱风（风速1~2 m·s^-1）,贴地强逆温［0.8 K·（100 m）^-1］和高湿（相对湿度80%以上）等不利扩散的气象条件下不断吸湿增长,加之本地污染排放,成为霾日维持的主要原因.且随污染加重,气溶胶球形特征逐步显著（退偏比从0.05降至0.02）.③各湍流统计量（湍流强度、摩擦速度和湍流动能）在重污染发生与结束前提前出现规律性异常突降（小时波动率77%）与激增（超过一个量级的峰值）现象,表明湍流统计量可作为重污染过程发生和结束的预报指标,其中湍流强度响应提前的时长与其峰值后的持续湍流强弱有关.污染累积阶段摩擦速度（0.04~0.21 m·s^-1）、湍流强度（均值0.678）和湍流动能（均值0.643 m²·s^-2）等均维持在较低水平,底层大气混合扩散能力较差,对污染持续累积起重要作用.另外晴天和霾天感热通量均由地面向大气输送,且呈明显的日单峰变化特征,霾天感热通量（20W·m^-2）较晴天小（60W·m^-2）;潜热通量则全程在0值附近.