Nitrous oxide emission from polyculture constructed wetlands: effect of plant species

Loss of nitrogen from the soil-plant system has raised environmental concern. This study assessed the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CWs). To better understand the mechanism of N2O emission, spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in four kinds of wetlands soil were compared. N2O emission data showed large temporal and spatial variation ranging from -5.5 to 32.7 mg N2O m(-2) d(-1). The highest N2O emission occurred in the cell planted with Phragmites australis and Zizania latifolia. Whereas, the lower emission rate were obtained in the cell planted with P. australis and Typha latifolia. These revealed that Z. latifolia stimulated the N2O emission. Transportation of more organic matter and oxygen for AOB growth may be the reason. The study of AOB also supported this result, indicating that the root structure of Z. latifolia was favored by AOB for N2O formation.     

环氧乙烷生产安全——热力学效应中的温度控制

从化工热力学角度出发,讨论当前工业生产常用的氧气氧化法制环氧乙烷工艺中,乙烯氧化反应单元氧化反应器易发生"飞温",而导致火灾爆炸等重大事故的原因:主副反应均为放热反应;副反应为完全氧化反应,反应热为主反应的十几倍;温度升高将导致反应选择性下降,速率加快,系统进入"自热"状况,进而导致热失控,甚至引发火灾爆炸事故。进而提出温度控制是保证氧气氧化法制环氧乙烷生产安全的关键,并建议工业生产中采用改善反应器结构、改良催化剂、改进换热方式、加入抑制剂以及采用比热容更大的甲烷气致稳等控温措施。     

A sulfur removal and disposal process through H2S adsorption and regeneration: Ammonia leaching regeneration

An iron oxide solid sponge H₂S adsorbent works by reacting H₂S and turning ferric oxide into ferric sulfide. The ferric sulfide will be converted back into ferric oxide and elemental sulfur when contacting oxygen or air. This study investigates the leaching of elemental sulfur from the solid sponge using anhydrous liquid ammonia as solvent. The leaching treatment expectedly results in effective regeneration of the adsorbent, which is able to lead to a sulfur removal and recovery process suitable for handling the small and mid-sized sulfur production cases, i.e., those less than 10 ton/day sulfur. The leaching does not significantly impair the physical properties, including the adsorbent pellet strength. The adsorption–regeneration (or leaching) cycle could be repeated at least three times. The cumulative sulfur loading can achieve as high as 50% (w/w), three times greater than that in the one-time use. The wash-off in leaching and the spent adsorbent can be made into slurry that is to be injected into underground formations such as depleted oil wells. It is anticipated that this underground injection is safer and more efficient than acid gas injection.     

Ce-Mn双金属氧化物深度催化氧化废气中的氯甲苯

采用Ce-Mn双金属氧化物深度催化氧化废气中的氯甲苯。实验结果表明:当n(Ce):n(Mn)为1:5时,CeO_2与MnO_x之间的协同效应最大,对氯甲苯的去除效果最好;在以纯氧为氧化剂、反应温度为360℃、氯甲苯体积分数为0.5%～1.5%、体积空速为12 000～30 000 h~(-1)的条件下,氯甲苯去除率可达100%。     

Enhanced reductive dechlorination of DDT in an anaerobic system of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria and iron oxide

The transformation of DDT was studied in an anaerobic system of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (Shewanella decolorationis S12) and iron oxide (α-FeOOH). The results showed that S. decolorationis could reduce DDT into DDD, and DDT transformation rate was accelerated by the presence of α-FeOOH. DDD was observed as the primary transformation product, which was demonstrated to be transformed in the abiotic system of Fe²⁺ + α-FeOOH and the system of DIRB + α-FeOOH. The intermediates of DDMS and DBP were detected after 9 months, likely suggesting that reductive dechlorination was the main dechlorination pathway of DDT in the iron-reducing system. The enhanced reductive dechlorination of DDT was mainly due to biogenic Fe(II) sorbed on the surface of α-FeOOH, which can serve as a mediator for the transformation of DDT. This study demonstrated the important role of DIRB and iron oxide on DDT and DDD transformation under anaerobic iron-reducing environments.     

A2O工艺中N2O的产生与逸散特征

目前污水处理过程中产生温室气体的问题已经引起普遍关注。本文通过实验室小试,研究了不同污水水质条件下A2O工艺中N2O的产生特征,以及氧化亚氮还原酶编码基因nosZ含量对N2O产生量的影响。结果表明,在A2O工艺中的各单元均有N2O产生,其中厌氧池产生量最大,约占总产生量的32％～85％;A2O工艺产生的N2O主要通过逸散进入大气,少量随二沉池出水进入到环境中。N2O的产生量与污泥中nosZ的含量成负相关,而碳源和DO对含有nosZ基因的反硝化细菌有明显的影响,低DO环境和充足的碳源能够极大的促进其含量的提高,从而显著减少N2O的产生量。     

交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合颗粒可见光催化脱色活性艳红

利用壳聚糖对金属离子的吸附和螯合作用,通过简单的液相沉淀一还原过程一步原位合成了交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合粒子。x射线衍射（XRD）和红外（FT—IR）测试结果表明,壳聚糖与Cu2O纳米微粒能有效复合。以活性艳红X-3B溶液为模拟印染废水,采用Langmuir-Hinshelwood假一级方程模拟交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合粒子光催化脱色反应的动力学行为,从动力学角度系统研究染料初始浓度、反应体系pH、催化剂用量和反应体系气氛等因素对复合粒子可见光催化脱色反应速率的影响。结果表明,当染料溶液浓度较低时,光催化过程可视为假一级反应。降低活性艳红X-3B初始浓度和pH,增加催化剂用量和反应体系的含O2量都可显著增加光解脱色反应速率常数。相同条件下,与纯Cu2O相比,交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合粒子对X-3B呈现出更好的吸附性和更高的可见光催化活性。     

超重力脱除模拟烟气中一氧化氮简

以NO和N₂的混合气作模拟烟气,以酸性尿素溶液为吸收剂,在超重力机中进行了脱除模拟烟气中NO实验研究。实验考察了混合气中NO初始含量、进气流量、吸收液流量、超重力机转速对NO脱除率的影响,确定了在超重力中尿素吸收NO的适宜条件。实验结果表明,在常温常压下,N₂体积流量为1.0 m³/h,控制NO初始浓度为3 300 mg/m³,吸收液流量为250 L/h,超重力机转速为650 r/min时,NO脱除率可达89.5%。     

聚乙烯亚胺改性聚苯胺/氧化石墨烯对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)对聚苯胺/氧化石墨烯(PANI/GO)进行改性得到PEI-PANI/GO,通过XRD、FTIR、BET和SEM技术对PEI-PANI/GO进行表征,并考察了PEI-PANI/GO对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能。表征结果显示,PEI-PANI/GO材料以介孔为主,比表面积为35.12 m²/g,孔体积为0.098 24 cm³/g。实验结果表明,在温度为20 ℃、体系pH为3、溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为400 mg/L的条件下,PEI-PANI/GO对Cr(Ⅵ)的平衡吸附量达117.63 mg/g。PEI-PANI/GO对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为更符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明吸附过程是单分子层吸附。经过循环吸附再生后第4次使用,PEI-PANI/GO对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量从117.63 mg/g降至84.27 mg/g,仍能保持71.64%的吸附量,说明其重复使用性能良好。     

ZnO/氧化石墨烯的制备及其对亚硝酸盐的光催化降解

利用沉淀法制备了ZnO光催化剂,并将其负载在氧化石墨烯上,制得ZnO/氧化石墨烯复合材料,研究了该复合材料对亚硝酸钠的光催化降解效果。采用XRD和SEM技术对光催化剂进行表征。考察了初始亚硝酸钠质量浓度、溶液pH、ZnO/氧化石墨烯加入量对亚硝酸钠降解效果的影响。表征结果显示：ZnO/氧化石墨烯晶体的晶型发育良好、结晶度高;新生成的混晶结构提高了催化剂的光催化活性。实验结果表明：在初始亚硝酸钠质量浓度246 mg/L、溶液pH 5、ZnO/氧化石墨烯加入量1.0 g/L的条件下,经过150 min的紫外光降解,亚硝酸钠的质量浓度降至70 mg/L,亚硝酸钠的降解率为71.38%;ZnO与氧化石墨烯的协同效应有效提高了光催化反应体系的效率,ZnO/氧化石墨烯对亚硝酸钠的降解能力远高于氧化石墨烯和ZnO。