Comparative effects of indole derivatives as antifouling agents on the growth of two marine diatom species

Antifouling agents, used to prevent biofouling, need to be assessed for their impacts on marine organisms and environment before the application. Diatoms are one of the main components of fouling biofilms, which play important roles in the formation of biofouling. Particularly, diatoms are also the important ingredients of primary production and present interest as ecotoxicological models in marine environment. In this study, two benthic diatoms Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima and Navicula climacospheniae, widely distributed in fouling biofilm, were used as models for screening the activities of potential antifoulants. Nine indole derivatives were tested and CuSO₄ was used as a reference. Indole derivatives showed significant anti-algal activities and the EC₅₀ values of most indole derivatives were lower than that of CuSO₄. Halogen substituent enhanced the anti-algal activities of compounds, and the most efficient compounds for N. closterium f. minutissima were gramine and 7-chloroindole with the EC₅₀ values of 1.94 and 2.1?mg/L, while for N. climacospheniae, 7-chloroindole and 6-bromoindole were the most efficient and the EC₅₀ values were 3.91 and 4.25?mg/L, respectively. In conclusion, indole derivatives would be one of the promising candidates as antifoulants and our results strengthened the need to perform antifouling activity assays and environment-friendly evaluations.     

Carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin influence on the solubility and toxicity of substituted indole compounds

The solubilization of eight selected substituted indole compounds (SICs) by carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (CMCD) in water is reported. The results show that their solubility was well improved in CMCD aqueous solution, and the stoichiometry of inclusion complex of the studied SICs with CMCD was 1: 1. The acute toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum of the investigated SICs in CMCD aqueous solutions was also investigated and was compared with that in water. The results show that the toxicity of five studied SICs decreased while the toxicity of the rest three SICs increased in CMCD aqueous solutions, but neither the increase nor the decrease was significant.     

靛蓝的微生物合成研究新进展

靛蓝是一种广泛应用于印染、医药等行业的有机色素,利用微生物法合成靛蓝已引起国内外学者的广泛关注.本文综述了微生物法合成靛蓝的研究进展及动态.靛蓝的微生物合成可归纳为3个阶段:野生型微生物催化合成、基因工程菌全细胞催化转化及代谢工程调控转化.多数芳烃降解菌及其编码酶均具备催化吲哚合成靛蓝的能力,采用定向进化、宏基因组技术以及两相体系等对已知酶资源进行深尺度研究,将为靛蓝生物合成过程注入新的活力.同时,靛蓝合成过程中产生的羟基吲哚及靛蓝衍生物是新型药物及化工中间体,也具有较大的研究价值.然而,由于靛蓝合成过程涉及的中间产物及副产物间转化关系及合成脉络仍不明晰,靛蓝产率低,因此将分子生物学及代谢工程手段融入到靛蓝合成机理及产业化应用的探索将成为该方向的研究重点.     

在微波辐射下用ACF处理吲哚溶液的实验研究

在ACF存在下微波辐射能除去焦化废水中的吲哚污染物。实验研究了微波辐射时间。微波功率，吲哚溶液初始浓度，pH值等因素对微波处理吲哚溶液的影响。并用活性炭代替ACF作了对比实验，实验结果表明，在微波辐射下，用ACF处理吲哚溶液具有明显高的效果，3.5min去除率即可达98%，微波辐射不能使吲哚发生降解。其作用是使ACF的孔隙结构发生变化，增加了其吸附能力。     

Leaf surface compound fromBrassica oleracea (Cruciferae) induces oviposition byPieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Summary Chemicals present on the surface of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves were extracted by dipping these leaves for 3 s in dichloromethane followed by a 3 s dip in methanol. When offered in dual choice bioassays using green paper cards as a substrate, the methanol extract stimulated oviposition activity byPieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) females. The oviposition stimulant was isolated using medium pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, ion-pair HPLC and ion exchange chromatography. Using¹H-NMR spectroscopy, the stimulant could be identified as glucobrassicin (3-indolyl-methyl-glucosinolate). When pure glucobrassicin was offered at a dose identical to that in the crude methanol extract, butterflies did not discriminate between these two substrates in a dual choice test. It is argued that a high sensitivity for indole glucosinolates as host recognition factors may confer an adaptive value for these specialist crucifer feeders. The nutritional significance of their precursor tryptophan and the non-volatile nature of the aglycones formed upon enzymic hydrolysis in damaged tissues are proposed as properties of indole glucosinolates that contribute to this possible adaptive advantage.     

焦化废水中几种难降解有机物的厌氧生物降解特性

在试验室条件下,采用厌氧间歇试验,分别研究了焦化废水中几种有代表性的难降解有机物——喹啉、吲哚、吡啶、联苯的厌氧生物降解特性.文中突出了以厌氧预处理改善焦化废水中难降解有机物生物降解性的工程实用背景,对这四种有机物的厌氧处理的动力学特性、共基质作用、厌氧处理下去除效果的改善等,进行了较为深入的研究.     

生物炭吸附雨水径流难生物降解有机氮效能及机制

有机氮（ON）在雨水径流氮素污染中起关键作用,但多数研究只关注可生物降解有机氮的生物转化去除,忽略了占比较高的难生物降解有机氮.以生物炭作为吸附剂,探究其对雨水径流典型难生物降解有机氮（吲哚）的吸附效能及机制.结果表明,原始生物炭对吲哚有较高的单位吸附量（45 mg·g^-1）,生物炭投加浓度为0.4 g·L^-1时其表面平均吸附位点利用度最高.H₂O₂和NaOH改性生物炭对吲哚的吸附量是原始生物炭的1.3倍和1.6倍,吸附机制包括疏水相互作用、氢键和π-π电子供体-受体（π-π EDA）作用,以疏水相互作用为主,其中H₂O₂改性通过增加生物炭表面含氧官能团来加强氢键和π-π EDA作用,而NaOH改性生物炭通过大幅提高生物炭比表面积来加强疏水相互作用,故NaOH改性吸附效果更优.综上,生物炭对难生物降解有机氮具有较强去除作用,通过NaOH改性还能大幅提高效率,故在雨水径流氮素污染较高的地区把NaOH改性生物炭作为生物滞留池中的填料有着极大的应用潜力.     

分泌吲哚乙酸的蒌蒿内生耐镉细菌的筛选与鉴定

从蒌蒿（Artemisia selengensis）体中分离分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）的内生耐镉（Cd）细菌将有助于构建有效的植物-微生物联合修复体系。本研究以分泌IAA和Cd耐性为筛选指标,采用研磨法从蒌蒿的根、茎、叶中分离能产生IAA的内生耐Cd细菌,并对其铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锑（Sb）的耐受性及对蒌蒿生长特性的影响进行研究,根据形态特性、生理生化测定和16S rDNA序列分析对目标菌株进行分类鉴定。结果表明,从蒌蒿体内分离获得2株分泌IAA能力较强的内生耐Cd细菌J2和Y5,J2和Y5菌对Cd的耐受质量浓度均为90 mg·L-1,IAA的分泌量分别为23.108、15.192 mg·L-1;J2菌能明显增加蒌蒿的株高、最长根长、平均根长、鲜质量和干质量,Y5菌可显著提高蒌蒿的株高、鲜质量和干质量;J2和 Y5菌对 Pb 的耐受质量浓度均为1200 mg·L-1,对Cu的耐受质量浓度分别为120和160 mg·L-1,对Sb的耐受质量浓度分别为50和150 mg·L-1;J2菌在LB平板上菌落为黄色、近圆形、粘稠,Y5菌在LB平板上菌落为白色、近圆形、湿润;J2和Y5菌的16S rDNA序列经扩增,分别获得1条大小约为1500 bp的条带,经比对分别与GenBank中Pantoea agglomerans STY29（HQ220151）、Pseudomonas fluorescens V7c10（KC195905）的相似性最高,结合形态特征与生理生化特性可分别鉴定为成团泛菌（Pantoea agglomerans）和荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）。研究表明,从蒌蒿体中分离获得分泌IAA能力较强的内生耐Cd成团泛菌和荧光假单胞菌,为进一步研究其在蒌蒿修复Cd污染土壤中的作用奠定了基础。     

以吲哚为燃料的微生物燃料电池降解和产电特性

以铁氰化钾为电子受体,在两极阴阳室内使用碳毛刷纤维为电极材料构建了循环式微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究了以吲哚为单一燃料和吲哚+葡萄糖为混合燃料条件下MFC的产电特性以及对吲哚和COD的去除效果.结果表明,以1000mg/L葡萄糖+250mg/L吲哚为混合燃料时,MFC的最高电压和最大功率密度分别为660mV和51.2W/m3(阳极),MFC运行10h对吲哚和COD的去除率分别为100%和89.5%;分别以250,500mg/L吲哚为单一燃料时,MFC的平均最高电压分别为115,118mV,最大功率密度分别为2.1,2.3W/m3(阳极).在MFC中,250,500mg/L吲哚被完全降解的时间分别为6,30h.MFC能够利用吲哚为燃料,在实现高效降解吲哚的同时对外产生电能,可用于处理含有毒且难降解有机物的焦化工业废水.     

共基质体系下漆酶介体系统降解氮杂环化合物的研究

采用2,2-连氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻吡咯啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)作为介体,与纯漆酶组成漆酶介体系统(LMS),分别研究了单基质和共基质体系下LMS对氮杂环化合物的降解。结果表明:(1)LMS对单基质和共基质体系中的吲哚的降解反应很快达到平衡,约为1h。(2)共基质体系中吡啶的引入,对吲哚的降解没有明显的促进或抑制作用;共基质体系中喹啉的引入,对吲哚的降解有较小的促进作用,而同时引入吡啶和喹啉,一定程度上也促进了吲哚的降解。(3)喹啉不能被LMS所降解。共基质体系中吲哚的引入,对吡啶的降解有一定的抑制作用;对喹啉的降解有一定的促进作用。(4)在LMS的作用下,推断吲哚生成的中间产物是氧化吲哚和靛红;吡啶生成的产物是戊二醛和戊二酸;喹啉最先生成2-羟基喹啉。