非典型环境案件法律适用问题初探

实践中一些非典型环境案件的法律适用问题存在争议。对此,必须明确:生态破坏侵权属于一般侵权行为,应当适用《侵权责任法》对一般侵权行为的规定;家庭生活污染和劳动环境污染属于环境污染,受害者在法律适用上有选择权;室内装修污染不属于环境污染,其责任属于产品责任,不适用环境污染侵权规则。     

Human health risks of petroleum-contaminated groundwater

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: The volatile organic compounds Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) are commonly found in petroleum derivatives and, at relatively high levels, can be associated with human health risks. Due to industrial activities, accidental petroleum spills are the main route of soil and groundwater contamination. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the indoor health risks due to tap water consumption contaminated by BTEX. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BTEX indoor exposure can occur through three principal pathways: inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. A multiphase and multicomponent model was used to simulate BTEX transport in groundwater. For evaluation of human risks due to the use of contaminated tap water, a mathematical model was elaborated. RESULTS: BTEX concentrations in a drinking well were obtained as a function over time. These concentrations were used to obtain the exposure due to the use of water from the contaminated drinking well. In addition to showing the highest concentration in water, benzene was the compound that remained for a longer period before being completely degraded. For all the evaluated BTEX, oral ingestion was also the main pathway of exposure for adults, whereas the contribution of inhalation and oral exposition in children were seen to be of the same magnitude. The sensitivity analysis of BTEX total dose for adults showed that direct ingestion was the most significant factor, followed by shower time, volume of the shower room, inhalation rate, and shower flow rate. For children, the most significant variable was also direct ingestion, followed by shower time, volume of the shower room, and body weight. DISCUSSION: In the current design situation, there would not be any health risks by the use of BTEX-contaminated water to the general population living in the neighborhood of the petroleum spill. Therefore, no remediation measures in the area of the spill would be necessary. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that the design of a good scenario can perform an accuracy risk assessment. This model can serve as a useful tool for predicting indoor exposure to substances for which no direct data are available, reducing monitoring efforts and observing how different processes affect outcomes. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: These preliminary data allow the establishment of a basis for further investigations focusing on efficiently recovering petroleum from contaminated sites.     

新装修商场室内空气质量(甲醛)监测分析研究

文章对新建商业区室内空气甲醛的含量进行了监测,采用单因子指数、模糊综合和功能分区分析与评价方法,研究其空气污染的程度,分析了产生的原因;提出了改进措施,以利于改善空气污染状况,为促进资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设提供了科学的依据。     

室内空气污染对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的影响

为了探讨室内空气污染与慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)的关系,对云南省宣威县使用不同生活燃料、年龄≥40岁的农民10892人进行了COPD及其症状的现患率调查,同时测定了调查对象的最大呼气流速(PEF).结果表明,不同燃料造成的室内空气污染对COPD及其症状和最大呼气流速的作用顺序依次为有烟煤>无烟煤>柴.在调整了年龄、性别、吸烟和改灶年限等因素后发现,使用有烟煤和使用无烟煤的人群患COPD的危险性分别是使用柴的4.63倍和1.55倍.改灶年限越长,COPD及其症状的现患率越低,最大呼气流速越高.室内燃煤空气污染是影响宣威慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)的主要危险因素,改炉改灶对控制COPD及其症状的现患水平,改善肺功能具有积极的作用.     

室内空气中多环芳烃(PAHs)的源及贡献率

采用因子分析及多元线性回归对杭州市室内外空气中PAHs的来源及其贡献率进行研究,求得PAHs总量与公共因子间的特征方程.结果表明,影响室内外空气中PAHs浓度的主要因子依次为烹调、卫生球的挥发、吸烟及加热、汽车尾气.在吸烟者家庭中,室内吸烟是影响室内空气中PAHs浓度的最重要的影响因子,其对室内空气中苯并(a)芘BaP的贡献率为25.8%.     

应用环境舱研究室内混凝土墙体中氨的释放规律

采用环境舱模拟研究了随温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)和空气交换率(AER)变化墙体试块中氨的释放规律,并将现场实验结果与环境舱的模拟实验结果进行对比.研究发现:T和RH一定,随着AER的增大,舱内氨气平衡浓度下降,氨气挥发速率和完全释放时间呈现出一定的规律性;AER和RH一定,舱内氨气平衡浓度和挥发速率随T升高而变大,完全释放时间减小;与AER和T相比,RH对氨气释放的影响有限;通过与现场通风实验和浓度监测结果比较,考虑到室内墙体老化时间等因素,环境舱实验与实际住宅测试得到的结论基本一致.在一般的情况下,使用含尿素防冻剂的住宅,其墙体中氨释放完全大约需要10～32年.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的高校室内甲醛暴露健康风险评价

为了量化分析高校新建教学楼室内环境污染引起的健康风险问题,调查了武汉市某高校新建教学楼室内甲醛污染状况,引入美国环保署(EPA)致癌风险模型,运用蒙特卡罗模拟室内甲醛暴露对不同性别的教师和学生受体造成的健康风险,进行不确定性分析,并研究各参数敏感度。结果表明,该教学楼室内的监测点监测得到的甲醛质量浓度数据中有5%超过标准限值(0.10 mg/m³,参照《室内空气质量标准》),存在一定的健康风险。健康风险评估结果显示,男性的癌症风险和超标率略高于女性,教师群体健康风险平均值超过限值(1×10^-6)9倍左右,且高于学生群体3~4倍。对教师造成影响最大的参数为暴露时间,对学生影响最大的参数为甲醛质量浓度,在无致癌风险的室内甲醛质量浓度和在可接受健康风险限值(1×10^-6)下,推荐教师每日平均暴露时间不超过0.31 h/d(男性)和0.35 h/d(女性)。     

甲醛吸入致小鼠蛋白质氧化损伤作用的研究

为了探讨在气态甲醛中暴露后小鼠的脑、心和肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤程度及其发生机制,用不同剂量的气态甲醛对小鼠进行连续动态染毒处理72h ,用2 ,4-二硝基苯肼比色法测定小鼠脑、心和肝组织蛋白质的羰基含量,用以判断蛋白质的氧化损伤程度.结果显示:吸入0. 68mg·m- 3甲醛后,小鼠的脑、心和肝蛋白质的羰基含量下降(P <0 0 1,P <0 . 0 1,P <0. 0 5 ) ;吸入3 0mg·m- 3甲醛后,小鼠的心和肝的蛋白质羰基含量均显著升高(P <0 . 0 1) ,而脑的蛋白质羰基含量与对照组相比无显著差异(P >0 . 0 5 ) .以上结果表明,小鼠蛋白质的氧化损伤与气态甲醛的浓度有关,气态甲醛在较低浓度时,不引起小鼠蛋白质的氧化损伤,而在中等浓度时对小鼠心和肝的蛋白质氧化损伤作用显著,而对脑的蛋白质没有明显损伤作用.     

气相色谱法同时测定室内空气中乙苯和乙酸丁酯研究

建立了用气相色谱法同时测定室内空气中乙苯和乙酸丁酯的方法。乙苯和乙酸丁酯经活性炭吸附,二硫化碳解吸,DB～200毛细管柱分离,直接进样分析,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,时间定性,峰面积定量,乙苯回收率为95．3％-105．5％、乙酸丁酯回收率为94．8％-104．8％,当采样体积为30L,乙苯最低检出质量浓度为0．002m∥m。,乙酸丁酯最低检出质量浓度为0．003mg／m’。本方法前处理简便,分离度好,分析灵敏度高,满足室内环境分析要求。     

乌鲁木齐市部分商业及娱乐场所室内氡浓度水平调查研究

氡及其衰变子体会对人体产生辐射损伤。高浓度的氡可以致癌,而其具有无色、无嗅及无味的特性,因此难以察觉。据国内外的最新研究结果表明,氡是仅次于吸烟诱发肺病而死亡的第二大病因。对乌鲁木齐市有代表性的商场超市、酒店、娱乐场所以及宾馆的室内氡浓度进行监测,室内氡浓度平均值23．8Bq／m3,低于国标的400Bq／m3;并估算出对其内工作人员所造成的年有效剂量为0．137mSy,低于世界平均值1．008mSy,对于只作短暂停留的客人来说,所受到的剂量还要低。