室内环境空气污染对人体的危害及其防治

“室内空气污染”被认为是继“煤烟性污染”、“光化学污染”后的第三大类污染。依据《GB／T18883—2002室内空气质量标准》,本文对标准中规定的4类化学物质共19项监测指标,就其种类、来源、特点及危害进行了分析,对如何监测进行了说明,并对预防室内环境空气污染提出了对策和建议。     

北京市住宅室内空气中TVOC污染现状分析

对北京市106户住宅的TVOC检测结果表明：装修后6个月内的房屋TVOC普遍超标且情况较为严重,但随着装修后时间的延长,TVOC浓度下降明显。同时,本文还对装修后有无家具和地面装修材料的室内TVOC浓度进行了对比,结果表明有家具的室内TVO浓度明显较高,而地面的装修材料对整个居室TVOC的浓度影响并不十分明显。     

城市居民生活能源消费研究进展综述

近十年来中国城市消费领域能耗年增长率已达到7.4%,超过中国总能耗量5.9%的年增长率。随着中国逐渐完成工业化进程,其工业用能将呈现增速放缓甚至总量减少的趋势,而居民生活及交通能源需求将随着人民生活水平提高而稳步增长,最终呈现总量与比重逐渐增加的态势。城市居民活动与其能源消费的定量化分析已成为当前多学科的研究热点。本文以家庭室内和室外直接能源消费作为研究对象,对城市居民生活能耗的影响因素、能源足迹核算方法、时间-室内能耗模拟,及空间-交通-能源耦合模拟等关键问题的研究进展进行综述。研究发现,第一,家庭能源消费属于派生性需求,不同的时间利用方式会产生能源消费水平和结构上的差异,但现有研究较少从时间及活动链分析角度展开。第二,由于家庭预算及时间约束的存在,室内外能源消费行为密切相关,但少有研究对上述两个城市生活部门的能源消费进行整体性分析核算。第三,基于活动的建模方法可以提供一种将居民室内外用能行为进行整合的分析框架。最后对今后该领域的研究开展进行了展望:第一,从活动分析和时间利用视角,建立自下而上的居民室内外用能活动仿真模型,在更小的时间和空间尺度模拟家庭能源需求,识别家庭能耗的主要来源、控制的重点人群、时段和区域,指导能源政策制定;第二,深入剖析能源回弹效应产生的决策机理,以及怎样的政策或政策组合可以有效减少回弹;第三,将社会网络分析引入居民生活能耗研究,更加全面理解影响家庭用能行为的机制,为家庭能源消费管理提供新思路。     

室内装潢甲醛污染治理研究

针对室内装修所产生的甲醛污染危害,对不同甲醛清除剂去除甲醛的效果进行研究.结果表明,在所研究的用量内,甲醛清除剂的去除效果显著高于活性炭,且持久性较好;最佳量的甲醛清除剂处理不同板材所含同一甲醛浓度时,中密度板的去除效果要高于木板、细木工板和装饰单面贴面胶合板;环境温度升高时,最佳量的甲醛清除剂去除甲醛的效率有所降低.     

我国室内氡污染现状及相关控制标准

氡是仅次于吸烟的第二大致肺癌因素,对人体健康有较大危害。通过对我国室内氡研究的相关文献资料进行的汇总和分析,表明近20年来我国室内氡浓度明显增高,并有继续增高的趋势,讨论了我国室内氡浓度控制标准及相关研究进展,并在此基础上提出了我国室内氡在环境毒理学、污染控制、标准体系方面研究的建议。     

Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter (PM10) and Indoor Dust in a University Building

A study on source apportionment of indoor dust and particulate matter (PM₁₀) composition was conducted in a university building by using chemometrics. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential sources of selected heavy metals and ionic species in PM₁₀ and indoor dust. PM₁₀ samples were collected using a low-volume sampler (LVS) and indoor dust was collected using a soft brush. Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals, while the concentration of cations and anions was determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. The concentration of PM₁₀ recorded in the building throughout the sampling period ranged from 20 ± 10 μgm^?3 to 80 ± 33 μgm^?3. The composition of heavy metals in PM₁₀ and indoor dust were dominated by zinc (Zn), followed by lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd). Principle component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) showed that the main sources of pollutants in PM₁₀ came from indoor renovations (73.83%), vehicle emissions (16.38%), earth crust sources (9.68%), and other outdoor sources (0.11%). For indoor dust, the pollutant source was mainly earth crust. This study suggests that chemometrics can be used for forensic investigation to determine the possible sources of indoor contaminants within a public building.     

PM10, O3, CO Concentrations and Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles in a School Building

Measurements of indoor and outdoor PM10, as well as indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were conducted and are presented here. These measurements were carried out at an institute building, located in a suburban industrial area in Greece. Both indoor and outdoor PM10 samples were also collected and their elemental composition was identified by ED-XRF analysis. Twenty seven major, minor and trace elements were identified. The measurements took place generally in different periods of institute operation, from June 2004 to February 2005. The indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the normal operation period of the institute were found to be many times higher than the respective outdoor PM10 concentrations of the same periods. On the contrary, the indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the holiday period were found to be lower than their corresponding outdoor values. Indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were found to be in low level. Indoor PM10 concentrations were found to be in a relative good correlation with O₃ (r = 0.45) and in high correlation (r = 0.98) with CO concentrations. On average, total elements concentrations were much higher indoors relative to outdoors. Based on above findings we attempted to determine the pollution sources of the indoor environment and to investigate some parameters or chemical processes that affect indoor pollutants’ levels.     

基于氨基酸的甲醛吸收净化研究进展

甲醛是室内环境中典型的气态污染物之一,具有致畸性和致癌性.我国室内甲醛污染形势严峻,相关居民健康事件频发,去除室内甲醛对改善室内空气质量,降低人类健康风险十分必要.基于氨基酸吸收的甲醛净化技术以其绿色高效的除醛效率成为最有应用前景的甲醛净化技术,是当前研究的热点.本文总结了近年来基于氨基酸除醛的研究进展,包括:(1)简...     

室内空气中多环芳烃污染的测量和特征性研究

本文就室内空气中多环芳烃典型污染源－室内燃煤和室内吸烟排放的多环芳烃组成和含量进行了测定，并同室外大气（对照）中多环芳烃组成含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环烃组成和含量的特征性，结果表明，室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室朵烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征，则与室外煤型和交通型均有显著区别。     

某地区室内挥发性有机物污染状况的调查研究

室内空气污染日益严重,它影响着居室人员的健康和工作效率。文章对所在地区10户典型住宅的室内空气污染状况进行调查研究。按夏冬两季分别连续检测了室内外常见的13类挥发性有机物(VOCs)和3种羟基化合物的浓度以及人员暴露浓度,通过不同住宅、不同污染物浓度测试结果的标准差S.D(.Standard Deviation)值,分析了其污染源特性,并结合问卷调查的方式了解了各污染物浓度的分布特性。