南京市新装修住宅室内环境空气污染现状及对策建议

通过室内环境空气检测指出南京市新装修住宅室内环境空气以甲醛、二甲醛、二甲苯、甲苯污染为主,提出室内空气污染的控制对策.     

层次分析室内评价模型及其应用

提出了一种新的室内空气质量评价的方法———层次分析模型(IAAH)。利用IAAH法对长春部分室内空气质量进行了评价,结果表明室内空气属中等以上程度污染。     

Subjective annoyance caused by indoor low-level and low frequency noise and control method

IntroductionItwasbelievedthatonlyhigh_levelnoisecouldcausenoisepollution.Theinfluenceoflow_levelnoisehasnotbeenwidelynoticed.Thisresearchdiscoveredthatundercertainconditionsthelow_levelnoise,especiallylowfrequencynoise,mayevencausehigherannoyanceresponse.…     

室内装修造成的室内环境污染及其防治

介绍了室内环境污染的来源和建筑材料的污染性,分析了室内装修造成室内环境污染的各种因素,提出了解决问题的对策.大力推广提倡使用新型环保节能建材,对环保绿色建材的评选要本着对老百姓负责的态度严格要求,严格把关,让真正的绿色新型环保建材应用于室内装修.     

城市发展对室内外气温影响初探

本文以昆明市为研究对象。昆明地区受全球气候变暖影响年平均气温约升高 0 4 7℃ /a ;由于城市面积扩大导致昆明的室内外气温均升高 ,城市增温效应在 1 -4月较大 ,5-1 2月较小 ;在相同月份 ,平均室内气温的增温率均大于平均气温 ;城市增温效应与城市建成区面积、城市人口均有较好地相关关系。城市建成区面积增加对平均气温的影响较大 ;而城市人口增加对平均室内气温的影响较大。     

Tissue distribution of inorganic mercury, methylmercury and cadmium in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in relation to the contamination levels of the water column and sediment

The comparative experimental study of inorganic mercury (HgII), methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was based on a 14 days' exposure to the water column or sediment compartments, as initial contamination sources. For each contaminant and exposure source, a five-point concentration range was set up in order to quantify the relationships between the contamination pressure and bioaccumulation capacity, at the whole soft body level and in five organs: gills, mantle, visceral mass, kidney and foot. Hg and Cd bioaccumulation at the whole organism level was proportional to the metal concentrations in the water column or sediment. For similar exposure conditions, the average ratios between the metal concentrations in the bivalves - [MeHg]/[HgII] and [MeHg]/[Cd] - were close to 10 and 5 for the sediment source and 8 and 15 for the water column source. Metal distribution in the five organs revealed strong specificities, according to the different contamination modalities studied: kidney and gills were clearly associated with Cd exposure, mantle and foot with MeHg exposure and the visceral mass with inorganic Hg exposure.     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定新装修住宅室内空气中的甲醛

对乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定室内空气中甲醛的方法进行了优化,同时对北京市11户部分新装修居室室内空气中的甲醛含量进行了测定.结果表明,有8户住宅超过了我国室内空气质量标准GB/T18883-2002规定的甲醛最高容许质量浓度0.10 mg/m3.     

室内电磁辐射污染与防护

基于电磁辐射污染对环境和人体健康的影响 ,探讨了目前室内电磁辐射污染的现状和室内潜在的电磁辐射污染源 ,并就室内电磁辐射污染的防护措施提出了几点建议     

Formation and emission of chloroanisoles as indoor pollutants

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Complaints by residents of frame-houses about musty odour in the houses has become an increasing problem within the last years. An additional problem is that the odour is transferred to clothes and skin. The persons themselves do not recognize the smell after a while because of adaptation. Serious social problems are the result. For a long time, the smell was explained to be from mould due to construction-based humidity problems. However, in an increasing number of houses, no indications were found for elevated levels of mould growth. METHODS: Air and material samples were taken from 5 houses, which show typical musty odours, and analysed with respect to chlorophenols and chloroanisoles. Additionally, some samples were analysed for lindane and its metabolites, because lindane was commonly used together with pentachlorophenol (PCP) for wood protection. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Meticulous analysis resulted in the identification of chloroanisoles, mainly 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole. These substances are known from corky wines and from contamination of food from pentachlorophenol (PCP) treated pallets and result from microbiological metabolic processes. Pentachlorophenol was commonly used to protect wood from fungi in Germany mainly in the later 60s and 70s. Details of these processes, as well as effective methods to identify chloroanisoles in the problem houses, are described. CONCLUSIONS: Chloroanisoles formed by metabolism of PCP have been well known to contaminate food or wine. Here, they were identified and are probably responsible for the musty odours in the frame houses. Since it is quite clear that these substances were not components of building materials used in the houses, an explanation for chloroanisole formation is proposed. Localized dampness probably favours microbial growth associated with metabolic conversion of chlorophenols to the corresponding chloroanisoles, primarily 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisol, which spread throughout the buildings, resulting in the observed odours. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: The group of chloroanisoles has been recognized as important indoor pollutants as they possess musty odours at extremely low concentrations, e.g. for 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in a range of 5-10 ppt in air (Staples 2000). On the basis of currently available toxicological data, exposure of the occupants to the concentrations of chloroanisoles measured is not associated with a health risk. No correlation could be observed between concentrations of chloroanisoles and PCP in house dust and indoor air. However, chloroanisoles are good indicators for possible PCP-treatment of wood in frame houses and their detection should initiate investigations on PCP contamination. Research is continuing to identify the microorganisms involved and to devise a remediation procedure for affected houses.     

Artificial indoor streams as a method to investigate the impact of chemicals on lotic communities

The potential hazard of chemicals on aquatic communities are generally evaluated by standardised single-species bioassays. Safety assessment is based on results gained from organisms adapted to lentic systems and biological interactions in ecosystems are neglected. While lotic communities are often at first in contact with chemicals, it is astonishing that microcosms with lentic communities are mainly used as a bridge between laboratory bioassays and outdoor aquatic systems. Hence, we established five artificial indoor streams to simulate abiotic factors of small rivers. The closed-circuit system was filled with nutrients added to tap water. Washed pebbles were used as sediment. The dynamics of a simple biocoenoses consisting of aufwuchs, Lumbriculus variegatus Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum was investigated. The dynamic of aufwuchs and periphyton was determined as dry weight and chlorophyll-a, respectively and qualitatively by pigment pattern. The abundance of different developmental stages of L. variegatus was determined at the end of the experiment as well as the population dynamics of G. fossarum and A. aquaticus. Survival rates of gammarids and juveniles per female were investigated and data were used for modelling the population dynamics. The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of the established artificial streams and the developed approaches to investigate effects of chemicals on a basic lotic community. The prime reason to establish this approach was to close a gap between complex artificial stream systems and laboratory single species tests to assess the impact of chemicals on the aquatic environment.