Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

PCDD/Fs emission, risk characterization, and reduction in China’s secondary copper production industry

Secondary copper production is one of the key polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emission sources in China, but research and data on this issue are rare. In 2004, when the Stockholm Convention entered into force in China, PCDD/Fs emissions from secondary copper production contributed to 32.2% of the total release. In this paper, PCDD/Fs emission dynamics from secondary copper industry were discussed and cumulative risks were characterized. From 2004 to 2009, industrial policies played an indirect role in PCDD/Fs reduction, but its effects are still limited. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and central regions were among the top three of dioxin emissions from secondary copper production in China. Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi had comparatively higher accumulated risk and were recommended as the priority regions for promoting PCDD/Fs emission control in China. From 2009 to 2015, the PCDD/Fs emission dynamics in the secondary copper industry were presented through simulation. PCDD/Fs emission equations were established, resulting in the recommendation of control technology conversion rate at 30% for small scale smelters and 51%–57% for large and medium-sized enterprises in 2015. In conclusion, both indirect policy and direct control technology retrofitting should be integrated for more effective PCDD/Fs emission reduction in secondary copper industry.     

日本城市碳排放清单计算方法——以横滨市为例

日本是关注全球气候变化并作出行动最早的国家之一,根据其法律大中城市以上的行政区必须编制温室气体减排规划,包括排放清单、趋势预测、减排目标、措施及效果分析、方案实施与监督等。日本环境省为了帮助地方政府编制该规划,提供了城市层面的温室气体排放清单的编制方法指导。本文以横滨市为例,比较完整地介绍日本城市CO2排放清单编制基本方法,为我国城市碳排放清单编制提供参考。     

区域层面温室气体清单不确定性量化研究

基于《IPCC国家温室气体清单优良做法指南和不确定性管理》中不确定性分析的理论和方法,以编制包括省级、地市级在内的区域层面温室气体清单为背景,就不确定性分析的难点、来源和组成进行分析,并通过实例研究对适用于区域层面温室气体清单的不确定性量化方法进行说明,进而提升不确定性分析的可操作性和透明性,为完善温室气体清单提供有价值的参考。     

气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应影响的模拟

为了揭示气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应的影响,用生物物理/动态植被模型SSiB4/TRIFFID与流域地形指数水文模型TOPMODEL的耦合模型SSiB4T/TRIFFID模拟了西南山区长江上游梭磨河流域森林水文效应对气温变化的响应,分析了气温变化对植被不同演替阶段的流域总径流和总蒸发以及冠层截流蒸发、植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明,（1）梭磨河流域森林（常绿针叶林）蒸腾与草和灌木差异小,森林蒸腾潜热比草和灌木仅高1~4 W.m-2,森林冠层截留蒸发高于草和灌木,但土壤蒸发明显低于草和灌木覆盖,森林覆盖流域总蒸发低于草和灌木覆盖甚至低于裸土蒸发,因此增加了流域总径流量,但森林增加径流的作用随土壤蒸发的减小而减小。（2）气温减小1℃将通过减小森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加流域总径流量的作用增加;相反,气温增加将增加森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加总径流量的作用减小。（3）当温度增加4℃,由于森林总蒸发较草和灌木明显增加,对于较高的土壤蒸发,森林增加总径流量的作用已不明显;对于较低的土壤蒸发,森林减小了流域总径流量。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测鱼体中的全氟化合物

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS),建立了检测1种贝类和2种鱼类的肌肉组织中11种全氟化合物(PFCs)的分析方法.采用碱液消解做为样品前处理法,选Carbon/NH2双层SPE小柱做为净化小柱,并以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18为分析柱,甲醇和2 mmol.L-15%甲醇乙酸铵溶液为梯度淋洗液.所选定的11种全氟化合物在6 min内就可以达到良好分离,外标法定量.平均回收率在72.1%—93.6%之间,相对标准偏差在0.6%—9.5%之间,实际检出限在3.4—26.7 pg.g-1.     

Determination of persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography/laser multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

An authentic mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls was measured using a short wide-bore capillary column for the group separation of major components present in an actual sample of Kanechlor. The limits of detection were improved by ca. 2 fold in comparison with those obtained using a conventional capillary column, since the retention time was reduced and the amount of analytes introduced into the mass spectrometer per unit time could be increased. On the other hand, surface-water and sediment samples containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected from the river located in the vicinity of a waste water treatment plant. Even acenaphthylene, a minor component of the mixture could be measured for the sediment sample, and the concentrations were determined for several heavy PAHs. As demonstrated, a technique involving laser multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry was useful as a sensitive and selective analytical tool for the trace analysis of persistent organic pollutants in an environmental sample.     

中国大气NH3和NOx排放的时空分布特征

根据我国不同氨源的数量、燃料消费量和相应的氨与氮氧化物排放因子,计算了我国大陆地区1995~2004年历年的氨(NH3)排放量与1985~2005年历年的氮氧化物(NOx)排放量,在此基础上模拟了2006~2010年的NOx排放量,并分析了NH3和NOx排放强度的空间分布.结果表明:2004年,我国NH3排放量为12.0Tg,比1995年的10.6Tg增加了大约13.2%;2004年的NOx排放量为20.6Tg,比1995年的12.2Tg增加了大约68.9%,比1985年的6.2Tg增加了大约2.3倍.在1996年以前,我国NH3和NOx的排放量基本相当,但是此后NH3的年排放量在经历了1997~1999年的下降之后,变化比较平稳,而NOx的排放量自2000年之后呈逐年迅速增加的趋势.2004年全国NH3的排放总量中,畜禽排泄、氮肥施用、人类粪便、氮肥与合成氨生产的贡献率分别为69.2%、15.2%、13.9%和1.9%;2004年全国NOx的排放总量中,由于受到我国能源消费结构的制约,煤炭来源的NOx占到了排放总量的77.4%.NH3和NOx的排放强度都具有明显的空间差异,表现在中东部地区的排放强度明显高于西部地区,这与中东部地区人口多、能源消费量大以及畜禽养殖数量大有关.     

基于含VOCs原辅材料和产污环节实测的印刷行业VOCs排放特征分析

为掌握印刷行业VOCs(挥发性有机化合物)污染特征,进一步科学合理地推进印刷行业VOCs减排,利用“气袋法采样+实验室FID检测”以及便携式非甲烷总烃测试仪对京津冀地区25家典型印刷企业VOCs排放情况进行检测.基于21类含VOCs原辅材料的VOCs含量及时应使用环节废气VOCs浓度的监测结果,得出不同类型原辅材料VOCs含量水平,以及产污环节的VOCs废气浓度水平.结果表明:①油墨VOCs含量范围为0.05%~76.9%,胶印油墨、凹印油墨、柔印油墨和网印油墨符合GB 38507—2020《油墨中可挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)含量的限值》中含量限值的样品数分别占抽检样品总数的98.3%、85.7%、66.7%和100.0%,VOCs含量水平差别较大.②润版液、清洗剂、胶粘剂、光油等原辅材料VOCs含量水平分别为0.4%~45.0%、3.0%~98.7%、0.1%~60.0%、0.1%~50.0%,其中溶剂型样品VOCs含量明显高于水性、UV样品.③从生产过程VOCs产污水平来看,同类工艺的烘干环节VOCs产污浓度普遍高于印刷、清洗、润版等环节;采用溶剂型油墨、胶粘剂、光油的生产工艺VOCs产污浓度(100.0~5 000.0 mg/m3)明显高于其他工艺类型(10.0~500.0 mg/m3);VOCs产污浓度最高的为采用溶剂型油墨的凹版印刷工艺(300.0~5 000.0 mg/m3),其次为采用溶剂型胶粘剂的干式复合工艺(300.0~1 000.0 mg/m3)和采用溶剂型光油的上光工艺(200.0~1 000.0 mg/m3).研究显示,平版胶印、柔印、丝印、复合、上光等工艺均可通过源头替代达到较低的VOCs产污浓度水平(≤50.0 mg/m3),但凹印工艺在采用水性墨替代后VOCs产污浓度水平为50.0~500.0 mg/m3,仍需采取高效的末端处理措施.      

基于EMD-MFOA-ELM的瓦斯涌出量时变序列预测研究

为准确分析工作面绝对瓦斯涌出量的非平稳特征,实现瓦斯涌出量的准确预测,基于经验模态分解(EMD)、修正的果蝇优化算法(MFOA)和极限学习机(ELM)基本原理,构建瓦斯涌出量的EMD-MFOA-ELM多尺度时变预测模型。通过EMD将瓦斯涌出量时变序列进行深层次分解,获得多尺度本征模态函数(IMF);采用MFOA-ELM对各IMF时变序列建立动态预测模型,等权叠加各预测值,得到模型最终预测结果。以晋煤某矿瓦斯涌出量监测时序样本为例进行研究分析,结果表明:EMD能充分挖掘出监测数据隐含信息,有效降低数据复杂度;该模型预测相对误差为0.024 3%~0.651 0%,平均值仅为0.252 6%,预测精度和泛化能力高于未经EMD分解模型,能很好地适用于非平稳时变序列预测。