Natural attenuation/phytoremediation in the vadose zone of a former industrial sludge basin

The natural attenuation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the vadose zone of a naturally revegetated former industrial sludge basin (0.45 ha) was examined. This was accomplished by comparing the concentration of 16 PAH contaminants present in sludge collected below the root zone of plants with contaminants present at 3 shallower depths within the root zone. Chemical analysis of 240 samples from 60 cores showed the average concentration of total and individual PAHs in the 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and bottom of the root zone strata were approximately 10, 20, and 50%, respectively, of the 16, 800 ppm average total PAH concentration in deep non-rooted sludge. Statistically significant differences in average PAH concentrations were observed between each strata studied and the non-rooted sludge except for the concentrations of acenaphthene and chrysene present at the bottom of the root zone in comparison to sludge values. The rooting depth of the vegetation growing in the basin was dependent on both vegetation type and plant age. Average rooting depths for trees, forbs (herbaceous non-grasses), and grasses were 90, 60, and 50 cm, respectively. The deepest root systems observed (100-120 cm) were associated with the oldest (12-14 year-old) mulberry trees. Examination of root systems and PAH concentrations at numerous locations and depths within the basin indicated that plant roots and their microbially active rhizospheres fostered PAH disappearance; including water insoluble, low volatility compounds, i.e. benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene. The reduced concentration of PAHs in the upper strata of this revegetated former sludge basin indicated that natural attenuation had occurred. This observation supports the concept that through appropriate planting and management practices (phytoremediation) it will be possible to accelerate, maximize, and sustain natural processes, whereby even the most recalcitrant PAH contaminants (i.e. benzo(a)pyrene) can be remediated over time.     

生物法净化低浓度工业废气的技术进展

综述了生物法净化有害气体的发展历史与现状，介绍了有机废气、SO2、H2S、NOx废气处理的生物净化实验研究和工业应用情况。     

Assessing municipal-level governance responses to climate change in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

The 2011 Durban Adaptation Charter for Local Governments calls on local governments, worldwide, to institutionalise climate response, with the aim of minimising the impacts of climate change on local livelihoods and vulnerable communities. This paper, through the use of case studies, in-depth interviews and document review, assesses how three non-metropolitan municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal, a district municipality, and two local municipalities under its jurisdiction, are responding to this call. The results suggest that while the municipalities have adopted measures to institutionalise climate responses, the responses are relatively new and implementation is slow, complex and fraught with limitations and competing demands. Furthermore, there appears to be a lack of co-ordination of responses between the two levels of government, which has the potential to lead to duplication. Given the multi-scalar nature of climate change, emphasis on co-ordination and the inclusion of all municipal departments in the development and implementation of responses is necessary.     

江苏沿江各市工业绿色化程度的模糊评价

工业绿色化即工业企业逐步减少污染排放,实现环境无害化的过程,这一过程的进展情况直接影响到区域可持续发展水平。从工业绿色化意识、工业绿色化管理、工业绿色化绩效3个方面构建了区域工业绿色化发展的评价指标体系。为了使评价结果更为科学合理,还对江苏沿江8市的244家工业企业进行问卷调查,在此基础上,结合各市单位产值能耗及污染排放强度、水循环利用率、废水达标排放率、废物综合利用率等工业绿色化绩效的实际值建立多级模糊综合评价模型,对江苏省沿江8市的工业绿色化发展水平进行评价。结果发现,苏州、无锡等苏南经济较发达地区的工业绿色化水平较高,而扬州、镇江、泰州等苏中地区的工业绿色化水平较低。最后提出了加快工业绿色化发展,缩小地区间差距的具体建议     

工业废水综合回用的实验研究

以保定市某渠工业废水为研究对象,调查了污水的主要来源和主要污染物,提出了处理方案:首先采用酸改性粉煤灰进行混凝,活性炭吸附,最后用臭氧进行氧化。同时探讨了酸改性粉煤灰的制备和最佳运行条件,活性炭的最佳运行条件和臭氧的最佳氧化时间,从而探索出一条适合于该渠工业废水的综合回用方法。     

浅谈工业废水中难降解有机污染物处理技术及发展方向

随着生产规模的不断扩大及工业技术的飞速发展,各种高浓度有机废水的污染源日益增多。针对目前工业废水中高浓度有机污染物的污染现状,对工业废水的来源、种类进行了分类,同时对不同性质的难降解有机污染物的处理技术和发展方向做出了论述。     

中国生态工业园区废物交换系统的功能框架及原型开发

废物交换是生态工业园区的特征要素,其高级实现形式是废物交换网络平台。在综述国内外废物交换状况的基础上,分析了国内外废物交换模式的差异及其原因,指出信息交换成本、废物交换尺度及社会经济背景等差异决定了国外废物交换模式及网络平台不符合中国国情。针对国内现有废物交换系统运转不畅的现实,提出了适合中国国情的生态工业园区废物交换系统的功能定位及系统架构设计,并开发了废物交换原型系统。     

天津市区道路地表径流污染特征研究

从实际地表径流水质实地监测和实验室分析出发,理论与实践相结合,揭示了天津市区道路地表径流主要污染物的相关性及不同污染物随降雨历时动态变化规律,全年道路地表径流水质季节变化规律,全面剖析了天津市区降雨径流的污染特征,并由此提出相应的处理措施和合理化建议,为天津城市雨水污染控制提供了基础研究。     

都市工业园区规划环评的实践与思考

通过对白沙洲都市工业园规划环评筹备、撰写、执行等环节的剖析,总结了该规划环评的特点,并指出基层环保组织在推动规划环评过程中所起的作用。对应用规划环评成果为园区和谐快速发展服务提出建议。着重探讨了基层环保部门该如何推动规划环评,促进城市中心老工业区改造,发展都市工业因,乃至生态工业园,实现城区经济又好又快发展。提出了法律赋予环保部门管理规划环评的职权不足、公众参与流于形式、规划环评法律约束不力等规刘环评实践过程中遇到的主要问题,并给出建议。     

A QUARTER CENTURY OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE AND A DECADE OF DISCHARGE CONTROLS1

This paper explores the trends in industrial water intake, discharge, recycling, and gross water use to see whether or not the 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA) has had an impact on industrial effluent discharge. Quinquennial Census data indicate that the levels of discharge, both generally and per unit of product, have been falling for as long as these data have been gathered. Trends in gross water use and recycling ratios suggest that during the 25 years of record production processes were gradually modified so that less total water was discharged and less was used per unit of output. Untreated discharge as a percent of all discharge fell fairly steadily across all industries until 1973 and continued to fall in 1978 in the major BOD-discharging industries. By 1978, 75 percent of the pulp and paper effluent and 40 percent of the food processing effluent was treated. The consistent increase in treated discharge in the pulp and paper mills, with their large component of BOD-related process discharge, was not matched by parallel trends in the steel, petroleum, and chemicals industries with their relatively smaller amounts (and percents) of process discharge. This suggests that the CWA may have been responsible in part for the change in the former. In the pulp and paper industry, there is further evidence that the CWA has influenced wastewater discharge. Although, for the century as a whole, pulp and paper mills discharged less water, and more discharge was treated, in 1978 than in 1973, these trends were especially dramatic among firms in the Northeast where controls were likely to have been most stringent. Finally, using the only direct evidence we have, it appears that the drop in discharge levels and the increasing amounts of treatment had a significant effect on the amount of BOD discharged to surface and ground water. In 1973 the pulp and paper mills in Wisconsin discharged an average of about 868,000 lbs/day; by 1982, despite increased levels of production, they discharged less than 10 percent of that. There is no doubt that industrial water use changed over the 25 years of record. Although the evidence is circumstantial, it appears that the CWA and the environmental ethic which spawned it played an important part in some aspects of the shifts.