暴雨作用下含裂缝谭家湾堆积层滑坡渗流特征与稳定性分析

堆积层滑坡在三峡库区分布广泛,该类滑坡在前期变形过程中往往产生拉张裂缝,暴雨是导致其失稳的主要诱因之一.为探究暴雨作用下裂缝优势入渗对堆积层滑坡渗流场与稳定性的影响,以谭家湾堆积层滑坡为研究对象,通过地质调查、监测数据分析以及数值模拟方法,研究了暴雨作用下含裂缝谭家湾堆积层滑坡的渗流场与稳定性演化规律.结果表明:天然条...     

Hydrology of Clay Settling Areas and Surrounding Landscapes in the Phosphate Mining District,Peninsular Florida1

Abstract: The objective of this study was to use applied and naturally occurring geochemical tracers to study the hydrology of clay settling areas (CSAs) and the hydrological connectivity between CSAs and surrounding hydrological landscapes. The study site is located on the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. The CSA has a well‐developed, subangular‐blocky, clay‐rich surface layer with abundant desiccation cracks and other macropores, and a massive, clay‐rich sublayer that is saturated below ～1.0‐2.5 m. A bromide tracer was applied to study hydrological processes in the upper part of the CSA. Bromide infiltrated rapidly and perched on a massive, clay‐rich sublayer. Bromide concentrations decreased in the upper part of the profile without being transported vertically down through the lower part of the profile suggesting that bromide was lost to lateral rather than to vertical transport. Infiltration and lateral flow were rapid suggesting that preferential flow through desiccation cracks and other macropores likely dominates flow in the upper part of the CSA. Naturally occurring solute and stable isotope tracers were used to study the hydrological connectivity between the CSA and the surrounding hydrological landscape. Three‐end mass‐balance mixing model results indicate that shallow and/or deep CSA water can be found in all downgradient waters and must be as much as ～50% of some downgradient waters. Discharge from the CSA to the surrounding surface water‐bodies and surficial aquifer occurs laterally through the berms and/or vertically through the massive, clay‐rich sublayer. However, the precise flow paths from the CSA to the surrounding hydrological landscape are unclear and the fluxes remain unquantified, so the precise effects of CSAs on the hydrology of the surrounding hydrological landscape also remain unquantified.     

The Ability of Urban Residential Lawns to Disconnect Impervious Area from Municipal Sewer Systems1

Abstract: Runoff from urban catchments depends largely on the amount of impervious surface and the connectivity of these surfaces to the storm sewer drainage system. In residential areas, pervious lawns can be used to help manage stormwater runoff by intercepting and infiltrating runoff from impervious surfaces. The goal of this research was to develop and evaluate a simple method for estimating the reduction in stormwater runoff that results when runoff from an impervious surface (e.g., rooftop) is directed onto a pervious surface (e.g., lawn). Fifty‐two stormwater runoff reduction tests were conducted on six residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin during the summer of 2004. An infiltration‐loss model that requires inputs of steady‐state infiltration rate, abstraction (defined here as surface storage, vegetation interception and cumulative total infiltration minus steady‐state infiltration during the period prior to steady‐state), and inundated area was evaluated using experimental data. The most accurate results were obtained using the observed steady‐state infiltration rates and inundated areas for each test, combined with a constant abstraction for all tests [root mean squared (RMS) difference = 1.0 cm]. A second case utilized lawn‐averaged steady‐state infiltration rates, a regression estimate of inundated area based on flow‐path length, and lawn‐specific abstractions based on infiltration rate (RMS difference = 2.2 cm). In practice, infiltration rates will likely be determined using double‐ring infiltration measurements (RMS difference = 3.1 cm) or soil texture (RMS difference = 5.7 cm). A generalized form of the model is presented and used to estimate annual stormwater runoff volume reductions for Madison. Results indicate the usefulness of urban lawns as a stormwater management practice and could be used to improve urban runoff models that incorporate indirectly connected impervious areas.     

节球藻毒素对小鼠肝脏微结构的影响研究

作为新型生物毒素,节球藻毒素(NOD)常见于爆发水华的水体中,是泡沫节球藻分泌的具有高肝毒性的次生代谢产物.由于其毒性高、暴露途径广且不易降解而日趋受到人们的重视.为了阐明NOD的肝毒性机理,本研究以模式生物小鼠为载体,研究亚慢性NOD诱导下小鼠肝脏在形态学、病理学上的微结构变化.结果表明,10 μg·kg-1.D-NOD下暴露21 d可诱导小鼠肝脏出现“草莓状表面”的肉眼可见的形态学改变.在H&E染色下,观察到在NOD暴露21d可诱导小鼠肝脏出现微小结节、细胞嗜酸性病变、炎症细胞浸润、慢性淤胆及脂肪病变等病理学现象.当暴露时间延长到28 d时,嗜酸性病变恶化并出现嗜酸小体在TEM观察下,小鼠肝细胞在NOD的诱导下出现肝细胞核皱缩、染色质凝集或边集、线粒体嵴横纹加深及分布散乱、内质网肿胀、核糖体脱粒等现象,并且在胞质中多有观察到微泡性脂肪变性及吞噬小泡.上述变化充分说明,在亚慢性暴露条件下,NOD依然具有强烈肝毒性.引起NOD慢性肝中毒的主要原因是肝细胞嗜酸性病变及炎症的诱发,并在暴露时间延长后进一步恶化,肝板结构破坏更加严重.     

试论“城市水窗”概念及其在规划建设中的应用

以城市硬底化为主导的城市人工生态系统极大地改变了城市地表界质,弱化了自然生态系统的功能,导致了城市热岛效应、城市水害、环境污染等诸多问题出现并不断加剧。文章提出"城市水窗"的概念,并探讨了其涵义、类型和作用,提出了在城市生态系统中如何通过"城市水窗"的建设强化城市人工生态系统中土壤圈等自然生态系统的功能建议。     

考虑空气阻力影响的流域水文过程模拟研究

降雨入渗时,部分空气会被禁锢在土壤中,影响水分下渗。目前分布式水文模型构建过程中,尚未考虑空气阻力对降雨入渗的影响,这制约着模型的适用性。论文基于Green-Ampt模型,引入土壤含水量饱和度系数、土壤导水系数饱和度系数、土壤进气值和土壤进水值4个参数量化空气阻力影响,改进分布式水文模型WEP-L模型。最后,选择清水河流域和柳江流域进行实例研究,检验WEP-L模型的改进效果。结果表明：与传统WEP-L模型相比,改进的WEP-L模型在清水河流域（面积较小）应用时可显著提高流域水文过程模拟精度,尤其是在暴雨洪水期,日径流模拟相对误差由40.57%降低到9.43%,Nash效率系数由-0.24提高到0.57。而在柳江流域（面积较大）应用时,模型改进后模拟效果虽有所改善,但不够显著。     

PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种高效土壤改良剂,能影响土壤入渗、产流及溶质迁移、淋失.通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了5°、15°和25°3个坡度水平下PAM对黄土高原沟壑区黑垆土坡地土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失情况的影响.结果显示:施加PAM后增加了5°和15°坡面的总产流量却减少了25°坡面的总产流量;PAM组初始产沙量较大,8 min以后,施加PAM组与对照组产沙速率出现差异并开始降低,表明施用PAM的起作用时间约为8~10 min,5°、15°和25°3个坡度的减沙率分别为38.2%、3.7%和53.9%.PAM对3个坡度径流中磷浓度有减小作用且不受坡度变化的影响,对5°和15°坡面铵态氮浓度影响不明显,但对25°坡面铵态氮浓度有明显减小作用,此外,PAM的施用能降低铵态氮初始流失浓度.施加PAM能影响土壤水分的再分配过程并减少3个坡度坡面硝态氮和磷的向下淋失.施加PAM后,5°、15°和25°坡面磷流失总量显著减少,减小幅度分别为77.6%、64.5%和85.1%;径流硝态氮流失总量随着坡度的增加先增加后减少,在15°~20°之间存在改变PAM对硝态氮影响作用的转折坡度值,PAM处理后的硝态氮流失量与径流量在0.05水平上显著相关,相关系数为0.998;PAM能够显著减少陡坡25°坡面溶解态铵态氮的流失量,减少幅度为60.1%.该项研究结果可为当地PAM的合理有效施用和提高水分及养分利用率提供科学指导.     

生物炭对黄绵土水分入渗和持水性能的影响

基于室内一维土柱入渗试验,定容重条件下研究了生物炭粒径(1—2 mm和≤0.25 mm)和添加量(10 g?kg~(-1)、50 g?kg~(-1)、100 g?kg~9-1)和150 g?kg~-1))对扰动黄绵土的水分入渗过程及持水能力的影响。结果表明:生物炭明显降低了黄绵土的入渗能力,黄绵土的湿润锋深度与累积入渗量随着生物炭添加量的增加而降低,且小粒径生物炭对黄绵土入渗能力的降低作用强于大粒径;生物炭明显增加了黄绵土的持水能力,且随添加量增大而增大,小粒径生物炭的促进作用优于大粒径;添加生物炭后黄绵土湿润锋深度与时间关系可用幂函数描述;Kostiakov、Philip、Horton入渗模型均能较好模拟生物炭添加后黄绵土累积入渗量随时间变化,其中,Kostiakov模型拟合精度更高;van Genuchten公式可以用来描述添加生物炭后黄绵土持水特征。该研究结果为添加生物炭后的黄绵土适宜性评价提供了土壤水分方面的参考依据。     

污水渗滤土地处理系统中的堵塞问题

堵塞问题是污水渗滤土地处理系统经常遇到的.从理论方面对悬浮物截留、吸附及微生物生长所造成的堵塞进行了讨论,并用实例进行了验证.结果表明,不管是悬浮物截留、吸附,还是微生物的生长,所造成的堵塞状况都呈现出随滤层厚度增加按负指数形式递减的趋势.系统内部是否会发生堵塞与原水的成分组成、渗滤介质的有关参数、微生物的活性等都密切相关.对于污水渗滤土地处理系统来说,微生物的生长一般不会导致系统内部产生堵塞,而悬浮物的截留、吸附常常会造成系统表层比较严重的堵塞.     

雨水花园土壤重金属的累积效应与污染风险研究

土壤中重金属累积可污染土壤和地下水,危害人类身体健康.雨水花园作为海绵城市建设过程中雨水径流集中入渗的重要措施之一,长期雨水径流集中入渗导致雨水花园土壤发生重金属累积和污染风险.本文以陕西省西安市某高校内雨水花园为研究对象,该雨水花园建成于2011年,运行至今（2020年）,汇流面积为604.7 m²,汇流比为20：1,主要收集屋面雨水.雨水花园土壤重金属监测时间为2017年4月—2019年4月,采用富集系数法、单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法对雨水花园重金属累积和污染风险进行评价.结果表明：雨水花园各土层均有3种元素（Cu、Zn、Cd）累积,Cu在土壤中小幅累积,Zn在土壤表层轻微富集,其它各层基本未富集;Cd在不同土层中富集程度不同,且易受人为活动影响.经单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法分析评价,Cu、Zn元素虽有累积,但未达到污染标准;各层土壤均受到Cd的污染,污染等级均为轻污染.