油气站场生活污水渗井处理系统可行性分析

油气站场分散于偏远地区,驻站人员少,站场生活污水量一般低于1.5m3/d,目前尚无可靠的处理途径。文章分析了土地处理技术的影响因素及生活污水土地处理的可行性,并在此基础上概括介绍了渗井处理系统在此类站场的适用性。由分析得知:渗井土地处理系统具有投资低、无耗能、高效率、出水水质稳定及维护方便等特点,对油气站场生活污水处理是可行的。     

人工快速渗滤系统堵塞-恢复实验研究

采用干湿交替间歇进水的运行方式,以不同粒径的河砂为填料构建3组人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统,研究CRI系统的堵塞-恢复规律,填料粒径与系统出水COD、水力负荷和纳污量之间的关系,以及环境温度对系统处理效率的影响。结果表明,CRI系统堵塞后经过一段时间的恢复期即可以自然恢复活性。细砂CRI系统的稳定性最好,出水COD最稳定,抗冲击能力和纳污量强于混砂和粗砂CRI系统。当温度在适宜微生物生长的范围内波动时,对系统处理效率的影响并不明显。实际工程应建造多级系统或并行系统解决堵塞问题,以保证系统的水力负荷和稳定运行。     

污水快速渗滤处理系统水力负荷周期的设计

水力负荷周期是污水快速渗滤处理系统中最关键的运行参数。本研究在面积为８０ｍ＾２啤酒废水现场中试验中,分别得出了淹水期入渗速率递减曲线和落干期入渗速率恢复曲线,它们分别用指数方程和对数方程来表达。据此提出了一种以追了大水力负荷为目标时水力负荷周期的定量设计方法。将其应用于该次试验后得出的结果为１．７８ｄ淹水,２．７７ｄ落干。计算结果与实测结果比较表明,该方法是可行的。     

粗粒沉积物对污水的净化能力试验研究

采用连续和间歇２种注入方式,对粗粒松散沉积物净化污水的能力进行了试验研究,结果表明,１．５ｍ厚的砂卵石层对污水中细菌,合成洗涤剂,总铬等污染物的净化率可达５０％以上,间歇注入试验对Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）的净化率可达７６．１５％,而连续注入试验２４．７％,污水在粗粒沉积物中的入渗属氧化条件,有利于硝化作用进行。     

GIS‐Based Predictive Models of Hillslope Runoff Generation Processes1

Abstract: Successful nonpoint source pollution control using best management practice placement is a complex process that requires in‐depth knowledge of the locations of runoff source areas in a watershed. Currently, very few simulation tools are capable of identifying critical runoff source areas on hillslopes and those available are not directly applicable under all runoff conditions. In this paper, a comparison of two geographic information system (GIS)‐based approaches: a topographic index model and a likelihood indicator model is presented, in predicting likely locations of saturation excess and infiltration excess runoff source areas in a hillslope of the Savoy Experimental Watershed located in northwest Arkansas. Based on intensive data collected from a two‐year field study, the spatial distributions of hydrologic variables were processed using GIS software to develop the models. The likelihood indicator model was used to produce probability surfaces that indicated the likelihood of location of both saturation and infiltration excess runoff mechanisms on the hillslope. Overall accuracies of the likelihood indicator model predictions varied between 81 and 87% for the infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff locations respectively. On the basis of accuracy of prediction, the likelihood indicator models were found to be superior (accuracy 81‐87%) to the predications made by the topographic index model (accuracy 69.5%). By combining statistics with GIS, runoff source areas on a hillslope can be identified by incorporating easily determined hydrologic measurements (such as bulk density, porosity, slope, depth to bed rock, depth to water table) and could serve as a watershed management tool for identifying critical runoff source areas in locations where the topographic index or other similar methods do not provide reliable results.     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下,既可涵养地下水,又截留处置了部分雨水,减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染,是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源,本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

水平流人工快速渗滤系统对岩源性磷拦截效果研究

选取沸石,陶粒,无烟煤及其组合作为水平流人工快速渗滤系统的填料,进行不同进水水质和水力负荷下对岩源性磷拦截效果的研究。结果表明:相同运行条件下,单一填料沸石对悬浮颗粒物和岩源性磷的去除效果最好,平均值分别达到了90.47%、39.91%;组合填料的运行稳定性更好,且水力负荷为0.2 cm/s时效果最好,最高可达82.85%和46.18%;长期的运行模拟中发现系统的堵塞现象,在实际应用中要充分考虑填料的更换和再生的可操作性,保证系统运行的稳定高效。     

Characterization of flow and transport processes within the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, under current and future climates

This paper presents a large-scale modeling study characterizing fluid flow and tracer transport in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential repository site for storing high-level radioactive waste. The study has been conducted using a three-dimensional numerical model, which incorporates a wide variety of field data and takes into account the coupled processes of flow and transport in the highly heterogeneous, unsaturated fractured porous rock. The modeling approach is based on a dual-continuum formulation of coupled multiphase fluid and tracer transport through fractured porous rock. Various scenarios of current and future climate conditions and their effects on the unsaturated zone are evaluated to aid in the assessment of the proposed repository's system performance using different conceptual models. These models are calibrated against field-measured data. Model-predicted flow and transport processes under current and future climates are discussed.     

EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN TOPMODEL AND THE NRCS CURVE NUMBER METHOD IN PREDICTING VARIABLE RUNOFF SOURCE AREAS1

An equivalence is proposed between two rainfall‐runoff methods with a long history of use in the United States and Europe. In watersheds where variable source areas dominate runoff, the two methods can have comparable probability distribution functions of moisture deficit, and therefore predict similar saturated runoff source areas. A novel approach is introduced to determine the S parameter in the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) method. This approach constrains S by the physical soil and topography characteristics of the catchment and depth to water table. The NRCS curve number method is at the core of many rainfall‐runoff models in hydrology. As a simple lumped parameter method, it is often scrutinized because it is not obvious how to derive S from catchment hydromorphological characteristics. The novel approach provides a clear physical meaning for S, allowing better estimation of this parameter in humid shallow water table environments where the variable source area can be the dominant runoff mechanism.     

羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统短程硝化的影响

针对人工快渗系统(CRI)总氮去除率低的问题,研究了羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统实现由全程硝化向短程硝化转化的可行性,探讨了其对系统内氮素污染物迁移转化和硝化功能菌空间分布及活性的影响.结果表明,0.5 mmol·L~(-1)羟胺连续添加13 d后可实现CRI系统短程硝化的快速启动,氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别为91.1%、77.9%,经16 d不添加羟胺运行后氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别降低3.9%、9.8%,此时调控进水pH至8.4,氨氮去除率和亚硝氮积累率均超过90%,CRI系统短程硝化效果显著且稳定性较高.羟胺对硝化菌具有选择性抑制,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的浓度分别为0.7、0.5 mmol·L~(-1),羟胺浓度为1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时AOB和NOB活性均被严重抑制且解抑较难;pH调控对短程硝化的影响主要与游离氨(FA)的抑制作用有关,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的FA浓度分别为26.5、5.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB比AOB对FA的敏感性更高.