中国流域水资源管理立法研究

由于人们对流域水资源的肆意掠夺和无情盘剥,流域生态系统日趋退化,资源衰竭、环境污染,己经成为制约人类社会经济可持续发展的瓶颈。事实证明,国外经过多年的实践探索已经成功找到适合流域水资源管理的机制,然而,由于中国流域水资源管理立法的滞后性,中国流域水资源管理现状不容乐观。因此,我们应该在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,完善中国流域水资源管理的立法,力求建立健全流域水资源管理的法律体系,以求更好地实现流域水资源管理。     

大同盆地浅层地下水水质影响因素分析

主要分析了降雨入渗补给、山前侧向补给、地表水入渗补给、引污灌溉的入渗补给及地下水排泄过程对大同盆地浅层地下水水质的影响。通过对盆地浅层地下水水质实测资料的分析,了解了这些因素综合影响着地下水水质。分析了大同盆地浅层地下水受污染原因,建议该地区必须控制污染源,同时建立和完善水环境监测体系。     

Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI): A Model for Evaluating Unpaved Road Erosion and Stream Sediment Delivery

The Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI) is a new geographic information system–based model to assess erosion and delivery of water and sediment from unpaved road networks to streams. READI quantifies the effectiveness of existing road surfacing and drain placements in reducing road sediment delivery and guides upgrades to optimize future reductions. Roads are draped on a digital elevation model and parsed into hydrologically distinct segments. Segments are further divided by engineered drainage structures. For each segment, a kinematic wave approximation generates runoff hydrographs for specified storms, with discharge directly to streams at road–stream crossings and onto overland‐flow plumes at other discharge points. Plumes are attenuated by soil infiltration, which limits their length, with delivery occurring if plumes intersect streams. Sediment production and sediment delivery can be calculated as a relative dimensionless index. READI predicts only a small proportion of new drains and new surfacing results in the majority of sediment delivery reductions. The model illustrates how the spatial relationships between road and stream networks, controlled by topography and network geometries, influence patterns of road–stream connectivity. READI was applied in seven northern California basins. The model was also applied in a recent burn area to examine how reduced hillslope infiltration can result in increased hydrologic connectivity and sediment delivery.     

焦作市某赤泥堆放场周围地下水水质评价

焦作市某赤泥堆放场一期工程采用了在堆放场底部铺设赤泥加石灰垫层和防渗膜的工程防渗处理措施.基于其防渗处理现状,文章探讨了该区域地下水对赤泥冲灰水的日最大允许入渗量,和赤泥冲灰水的实际日渗透量.评价了该防渗处理措施的可行性和在地下水日活动量稳定的状况下,该赤泥堆放场对周围地下水的影响.结果表明:将赤泥加石灰垫层用作防渗的措施值得大力推广;该堆放场在使用年限内不会对周围区域地下水水质造成太大的影响.     

海南岛三大流域“十三五”水质变化特征及“十四五”趋势预测

为服务海南自由贸易港水生态环境保护,基于海南省地表水环境质量监测网监测数据,对海南岛南渡江、昌化江、万泉河三大流域“十三五”期间水质状况、主要污染物浓度、综合污染指数变化进行了分析,采用Spearman秩相关系数研判其污染变化特征,并采用均值GM(1,1)模型（EGM）预测“十四五”期间水质变化趋势。结果表明：“十三五”期间,海南岛三大流域水质状况总体呈稳中向好趋势,南渡江、万泉河流域水质优良比例分别上升至96.3%、100%,昌化江流域水质优良比例保持在100%;三大流域COD_Mn、COD_Cr、氨氮、总磷浓度年均值均处于较低水平,低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类标准限值,其中COD_Cr年均值均低于Ⅰ类标准限值,“十三五”期间除氨氮浓度下降外,其他指标均有不同程度的上升或波动,上升幅度为6.7%~23.8%;干流综合污染指数均小幅下降,下降幅度为0.03~0.04,主要支流综合污染指数自上游到下游呈波动上升的空间变化特征。EGM预测结果表明,“十四五”期间海南岛三大流域干流和绝大部分支流水质综合污染指数呈上升趋势,最大上升幅度达108.3%,三大流域水环境仍面临较大的压力,尤其是支流汇入带来的污染负荷不容忽视。“十四五”期间,应以系统保护思路,落实“六水共治”“一河一策”等措施,进一步改善三大流域水质。

     

人工快渗技术在我国农村地区水污染治理中的应用研究

概述了我国农村地区水污染现状、排放特征、主要处理工艺及其优缺点,在对人工快渗系统工艺原理和污染物去除机理深入分析的基础上,总结归纳了人工快渗工艺的技术经济优势,并结合技术的工艺改进和完善,探讨了人工快渗技术的适用性。然后结合深圳市白花洞村、四川省绵阳市北川县及北京昌平区农村工程实践,分析了人工快渗技术在村级分散型污水处理工程中的实际运行效果。理论研究和工程实践均表明:人工快渗技术及其改进工艺组合系统具有工艺简单、建设运行成本低、污染物去除效率高、出水效果好等特点,可有效地解决目前农村地区因受到资金、技术、人才等因素限制造成的污水处理能力低的问题,是一项十分适合我国农村地区的污水处理技术。     

地下土壤渗滤沟的工艺构造对氮磷去除的影响

通过对比标准型、深型及浅型毛细管这三种不同构造的地下土壤渗滤沟去除模拟农村生活污水氮磷的效率,讨论了渗滤沟构造对氮磷去除效果的影响。结果表明,三种渗滤沟对氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率均分别可达95%、80%、90%以上。毛细管型构造渗滤沟在布水均匀性、稳定性及氮、磷去除效果等方面均优于标准型构造的渗滤沟。     

舞阳、襄城盐湖盆地未熟油地球化学特征、判别标志及成因

通过对舞阳、襄城凹陷原油及烃源岩样品的有机地化分析 ,研究了该区未熟油地球化学特征、判别标志及成因类型。认为盐湖盆地原油具“两高、两低”特征 ,族组成上表现为饱和烃含量较低 ,“非烃 +沥青质”含量较高。正烷烃呈双峰态分布 ,OEP值 >1。具植烷优势 ,Pr/Ph <0 .2 5。萜烷以伽玛蜡烷含量高 ,Tm/Ts >1。脱羟基维生素E普遍存在 ,其分布型式主要有倒“V”字型和不对称“V”字型。根据C2 9甾烷 2 0S/ (2 0S +2 0R) ,C2 9甾烷 ββ/ (ββ +αα) ,C3 2 藿烷 2 2S/ (2 2S +2 2R)等成熟度参数 ,认为原油属于未熟油。伽玛蜡烷、脱羟基维生素E及碳同位素组成特征反映原油属咸水湖相、盐湖相成因。     

Single- and dual-porosity modelling of flow in reclaimed mine soil cores with embedded lignitic fragments

Lignitic mine soils represent a typical two-scale dual-porosity medium consisting of a technogenic mixture of overburden sediments that include lignitic components as dust and as porous fragments embedded within a mostly coarse-textured matrix. Flow and transport processes in such soils are not sufficiently understood to predict the course of soil reclamation or of mine drainage. The objective of this contribution is to identify the most appropriate conceptual model for describing small-scale heterogeneity effects on flow on the basis of the physical structure of the system. Multistep flow experiments on soil cores are analyzed using either mobile–immobile or mobile–mobile type 1D dual-porosity models, and a 3D numerical model that considers a local-scale distribution of fragments. Simulations are compared with time series' of upward infiltration and matric potential heads measured at two depths using miniature tensiometers. The 3D and the 1D dual-permeability models yielded comparable results as long as pressure heads are in local equilibrium; however, could describe either the upward infiltration or the matric potential curves but not both at the same time. The mobile–immobile type dual-porosity model failed to describe the data. A simultaneous match with pressure heads and upward infiltration data could only be obtained with the 1D dual-permeability model (i.e., mobile–mobile) by assuming an additional restriction of the inter-domain water transfer. These results indicate that for unsaturated flow conditions at higher matric potential heads (i.e., here >− 40 hPa), water in a restricted part of the fragment domain must be more mobile as compared to water in the sandy matrix domain. Closer inspections of the pore system and first neutron radiographic imaging support the hypothesis that a more continuous pore region exists at these pressure heads in the vicinity of the lignitic fragments possibly formed by fragment contacts and a lignitic dust interface-region between the two domains. The results suggest that the small-scale structure is too complex as to be represented by weighted contributions of individual components alone.     

徐州市奎河河流--地下水渗流系统处理水体中氮

基于污水土地处理系统可以渗漏形式补给地下水的特点，利用现场调查分析的方法，提出了一种新的污水土地处理方式－河流－地下水渗流系统去除污水中氮。结果表明，河流－地下水饱和渗流系统对氮污染组分具有很高的去除作用，在距河流４０ｍ处对污水中氮的去除率达９５％以上，且不受季节变化的影响。