低温下排水速率对CANON型人工快速渗滤系统稳定性的影响

在中温[(35±2)℃]、高氨氮[(459.98±36.98)mg/L]浓度下启动基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)型人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统,而后使其在低温[(10±2)℃]下处理生活污水,探究了排水速率(vd)对系统氮素转化性能及微生物特性的影响.结果表明,对vd的合理设置可修复并优化CRI系统中的限氧微环境...     

PRECIPITATION DIFFERENCES AMONGST GCMs USED FOR THE U.S. NATIONAL ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Two general circulation models (GCMs) used in the U.S. national assessment of the potential consequences of climate variability and change (CGCM1 and HadCM2) show a large increase in precipitation in the future over the southwestern U.S., particularly during winter. This precipitation increase is an extension of a larger region of increased precipitation in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America that is associated with a deepened and southward-shifted Aleutian Low, a weaker subtropical high, and warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The models differ in their simulation of precipitation anomalies over the southeastern U.S., with CGCM1 showing drier conditions and HadCM2 showing wetter conditions in the future. While both models show decreased frequency of Atlantic storms, consistent with decreased meridional and land/sea temperature gradients, the more coastal position of the storm track in CGCM1 results in less precipitation than modern along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. During summer, differences in land surface models within the two GCMs sometimes lead to differences in soil moisture that feed back to the precipitation over land due to available moisture.     

新型防粘闭污水土地处理系统的研究与应用

对新型污水土地处理系统进行了研究 ,并详细分析了该系统具有较好处理效果且不发生堵塞的原因 ,总结了该系统的优缺点     

Single- and dual-porosity modelling of flow in reclaimed mine soil cores with embedded lignitic fragments

Lignitic mine soils represent a typical two-scale dual-porosity medium consisting of a technogenic mixture of overburden sediments that include lignitic components as dust and as porous fragments embedded within a mostly coarse-textured matrix. Flow and transport processes in such soils are not sufficiently understood to predict the course of soil reclamation or of mine drainage. The objective of this contribution is to identify the most appropriate conceptual model for describing small-scale heterogeneity effects on flow on the basis of the physical structure of the system. Multistep flow experiments on soil cores are analyzed using either mobile–immobile or mobile–mobile type 1D dual-porosity models, and a 3D numerical model that considers a local-scale distribution of fragments. Simulations are compared with time series' of upward infiltration and matric potential heads measured at two depths using miniature tensiometers. The 3D and the 1D dual-permeability models yielded comparable results as long as pressure heads are in local equilibrium; however, could describe either the upward infiltration or the matric potential curves but not both at the same time. The mobile–immobile type dual-porosity model failed to describe the data. A simultaneous match with pressure heads and upward infiltration data could only be obtained with the 1D dual-permeability model (i.e., mobile–mobile) by assuming an additional restriction of the inter-domain water transfer. These results indicate that for unsaturated flow conditions at higher matric potential heads (i.e., here >− 40 hPa), water in a restricted part of the fragment domain must be more mobile as compared to water in the sandy matrix domain. Closer inspections of the pore system and first neutron radiographic imaging support the hypothesis that a more continuous pore region exists at these pressure heads in the vicinity of the lignitic fragments possibly formed by fragment contacts and a lignitic dust interface-region between the two domains. The results suggest that the small-scale structure is too complex as to be represented by weighted contributions of individual components alone.     

污水湿地处理工艺优化组合设计

污水湿地处理系统是利用土壤、作物、微生物自然净化功能的生态工程技术。主要有水面湿地和渗滤湿地两种类型,在天津城市污水土地处理与利用系统研究的基础上,将两种工艺的优点进行优化组合,并应用于大港油田等污水湿地处理工程,运行结果表明：将水面湿地和渗滤湿地工艺优化组合设计的示范工程,具有提高水力负荷、减少运行费用、节省工程投资、处理效果稳定等特点,有利于处理工程的长期稳定运行。     

Environmentally sound management of freshwater resources

The principles and basic activities of environmentally sound management of freshwater resources and a cost effectiveness methodology, including the criteria of sound management needed to implement it, are outlined. This management is regarded as a means of integrating environmental concerns with the management of the water resources and it assists the implementation of sometimes conflicting objectives of socioeconomic and ecological development. It promotes sustainable development in river basins.     

黄河流域分布式水文模型开发和验证

研究目的是开发和验证大流域分布式水文模型,为黄河流域水资源评价和演化规律分析服务。在综合了分布式水文模型和陆面过程模型各自优点的基础上,开发出模拟对象为“天然-人工”二元水循环系统的WEP-L模型。该模型以“子流域内等高带”为计算单元,并用“马赛克”法考虑计算单元内土地覆被的多样性,避免了采用过粗网格单元产生的模拟失真问题。针对各水循环要素过程时间尺度不同的特点,计算时采用了1h至1d的“变时间步长”,既合理表述了水循环动力学机制又提高了计算效率。将全黄河流域划分为具有空间拓扑关系的8485个子流域和38720个等高带,采用45年(1956～2000年)水文气象系列数据及相应下垫面条件进行了模拟计算,并根据黄河流域主要水文站逐月和逐日径流系列进行了模型校验。验证结果表明,所构建的模型具有较高模拟精度,可应用于黄河流域二元水循环过程模拟和水资源演变规律分析。     

无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统研究

针对传统无砾石管式地下渗滤系统存在的易堵塞,大气复氧率低和通量低等问题,采取了优选植物、改进渗滤管结构和布水方式等措施。在前期小试的基础上,研究了大管径和小管径在处理生活污水时的效果。结果表明,采用大管径可在一定程度上提高系统的复氧效率,对污染物的去除效果优于小管径,其COD、TP、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别达到87.07%、84.97%、45.6%和52.67%。对氨氮和总氮的去除机理的分析表明,由硝化/反硝化实现生物脱氮是地下渗滤系统去除总氮的主要途径,氨氮的去除率大小反映了硝化反应的强度,改善水力负荷和土壤环境以促进硝化作用是使该系统提高氨氮和总氮去除率的关键。     

地下土壤渗滤沟的工艺构造对氮磷去除的影响

通过对比标准型、深型及浅型毛细管这三种不同构造的地下土壤渗滤沟去除模拟农村生活污水氮磷的效率,讨论了渗滤沟构造对氮磷去除效果的影响。结果表明,三种渗滤沟对氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率均分别可达95%、80%、90%以上。毛细管型构造渗滤沟在布水均匀性、稳定性及氮、磷去除效果等方面均优于标准型构造的渗滤沟。     

土壤非饱和带柴油迁移的模拟实验

通过土柱模拟实验研究了0#柴油及其饱和水溶液在不同含水率的砂土及壤土中的入渗迁移及残留特征.结果表明,柴油在壤土中的入渗速率小于砂土,且随含水率的增加逐渐减小,而柴油在砂土中的入渗速率则随含水率的增加先增大后减小.入渗结束后,相同深度的土柱中柴油残留量随含水率的增加明显降低,沿土层深度呈先增后降的弓形趋势.随着再分布时间的延长,砂土柱中柴油残留量随土层深度逐渐增大,壤土柱中柴油含量变化较小.柴油饱和水溶液在壤土中的入渗速率明显小于砂土,穿透曲线的峰值滞后于砂土,入渗过程中,壤土中渗出液的柴油浓度小于砂土.入渗结束后,深度小于10 cm的壤土柱中集中了绝大部分柴油,而砂土中柴油残留量则略低于壤土.