降水入渗补给地下水过程分析

该文总结了降水入渗补给的模式,通过分析活塞式降水入渗、降水入渗补给的滞后和延迟、降水入渗优先补给等,研究了土壤不同岩性、不同埋深、不同降水时段与不同土壤含水量条件下的降水入渗补给过程．图5,表1,参8．     

渗灌——设施园艺先进的节水灌溉技术

渗灌具有降低室内湿度、改善土壤环境、节约灌溉用水、减少肥料用量、省工省时、价格适中等优点,是目前设施园艺先进的节水灌溉技术。详细介绍了渗灌系统的结构,渗灌管的种类以及使用维护方法。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅲ.降雨入渗与地表径流

南亚热带高温多雨,年降雨量大而分布不均,台风雨季节降雨强度大,全年降雨多集中在4～9月,占全年的80％以上,因而大大地增加了降雨所引起的地表径流,径流也主要集中在多雨季节,特别是在5～8月,占全年降雨径流量的90％左右,形成了南亚热带坡地独特的地表径流特征．南亚热带的降雨入渗对表土层的影响较大,在暴雨过程中,0～30cm土层水分易产生饱和,因而易产生地表径流,从而减少水分入渗．这对作物生长产生不利的影响．     

Sedimentation basin performance at highway construction sites

Sedimentation basins (SBs) are commonly used during highway construction for erosion and sedimentation pollution control as well as for attenuation of overland storm waters. In order to evaluate the sediment removal capacity of these SBs, four basins were selected for monitoring from a new highway construction that extends I-99 to I-80, in Pennsylvania. Between September 2004 and August 2005, ten sampling trips were conducted during which basin inlet and outlet water samples were obtained. The SB samples were analyzed for pH, color, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total and dissolved iron, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, calcium, sulfate and phosphate. The data showed peaks in concentrations of TSS, total aluminum, total manganese, total iron and total phosphate that closely correlated to localized rainfall peaks. For certain samples, the concentration of TSS in the outlet was higher than the TSS concentration at the basin inlet, suggesting sediment re-suspension. In general SBs managed high flows during wet weather events, but were not effective in capturing particulates. This paper discusses the need for Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the design of SBs that reflect contemporary concerns for management of particle removal and to control the release of particulate-bound metals. This paper also evaluates the water quality impacts of naturally occurring acidic drainages into SBs, as several acidic seeps with pH in the range of 5-6 and having high dissolved concentrations of metals (Fe, Mn, Mg and Ca), sulfate and phosphate were observed draining into the SBs.     

Performance Assessment of Rain Gardens1

Abstract: The most widely used approach for evaluating the performance of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) such as rain gardens is monitoring, but this approach can involve a long time period to observe a sufficient number and variety of storm events, a high level of effort, and unavoidable uncertainty. In this paper, we describe the development and evaluation of three approaches for performance assessment of rain gardens: visual inspection, infiltration rate testing, and synthetic drawdown testing. Twelve rain gardens in Minnesota underwent visual inspection, with four determined to be nonfunctional based on one or more of the following criteria: (1) presence of ponded water, (2) presence of hydric soils, (3) presence of emergent (wetland) vegetation, and (4) failing vegetation. It is believed that these rain gardens failed due to a lack of maintenance. For the remaining eight rain gardens, an infiltrometer was used to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) of the soil surface at several locations throughout each basin in what is termed infiltration rate testing. The median K_sat values for the rain gardens ranged from 3 to 72 cm/h. Synthetic drawdown testing was performed on three rain gardens by filling the basins with water to capacity where possible and recording water level over time. The observed drain times for two of those rain gardens were in good agreement with predictions based on the median of the infiltrometer measurements. The observed drain time for the third rain garden was much greater than predicted due to the presence of a restrictive soil layer beneath the topsoil. The assessment approaches developed in this research should prove useful for determining whether the construction of the rain garden was performed properly, a rain garden is functioning properly, and for developing maintenance tasks and schedules.     

生物填料地下渗滤系统处理生活污水的中试研究

以活性污泥等生物基质为填料.在不同的水力负荷和有机负荷条件下,研究了地下渗滤系统对生活污水的处理效果.中试结果表明:地下渗滤系统对COD、NH_4~+-N和TP有着良好的去除效果,在水力负荷为4 cm·d~(-1),污染负荷为280 mg·L~(-1)和320 mg·L~(-1)时.COD、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除去分别达到91.2%、97.2%、88.0%和90.6%、95.6%、90.4%;水力负荷达到450 mg·L~(-1)时,有机物及氨氮的去除率下降迅速,仅为83.2%和85.5%,TP的去除率略有提高,为91.7%;平均污染负荷为300 mg·L~(-1),水力负荷为4.0 cm·d~(-1)、6.5 cm·d~(-1)和8.1 cm·d~(-1)时,COD、NH+4_4~+-N和TP的去除率分别达到90.6%、97.4%、90.0%.87.3%、96.8%、84.0%和85.6%,96.3%,83.3%;适宜的生活污水处理条件是水力负荷为8.1 cm·d~(-1),污染负荷低于450 mg·L~(-1).在以上工况下的出水水质均优于生活杂用水水质标准(CJ251-89)和沈阳市污水处理中水回用标准,处理效果稳定;系统垂直方向的氨化细菌分布较均匀,硝化细菌在70 cm以上区域数量较多,反硝化细菌在70 cm以下区域数量较多;氨化细菌与COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率的相关性显著,硝化及反硝化细菌与COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率的相关性极显著;氨化、硝化和反硝化细菌与TP的去除率的相关性均不显著,说明生物作用不是TP脱除的主要途径.     

三级人工快渗系统脱氮效果及菌种分布分析

为了更有效地去除污水中的氮类污染物,采用三级串联人工快渗系统对高氨氮生活污水进行脱氮性研究,同时进行系统内菌种分布的特征分析,从微观角度对比传统人工快渗和新式三级串联人工快渗系统中微生物分布的区别。结果表明三级串联人工快渗系统对氨氮和总氮(TN)的去除率较常规人工快渗系统分别提高5%和21%。三级串联人工快渗系统内硝化细菌和反硝化细菌总数均大于传统人工快渗系统。反硝化细菌数量的显著提高是总氮(TN)去除提高的主要原因。同时发现三级串联人工快渗系统可以有效地缓解堵塞现象的发生。     

Projections of 21st Century Sierra Nevada Local Hydrologic Flow Components Using an Ensemble of General Circulation Models1

Abstract: Sierra Nevada snowmelt and runoff is a key source of water for many of California’s 38 million residents and nearly the entire population of western Nevada. The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of expected 21st Century climatic changes in the Sierra Nevada at the subwatershed scale, for all hydrologic flow components, and for a suite of 16 General Circulation Models (GCMs) with two emission scenarios. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated at 35 unimpaired streamflow sites. Results show that temperatures are projected to increase throughout the Sierra Nevada, whereas precipitation projections vary between GCMs. These climatic changes drive a decrease in average annual streamflow and an advance of snowmelt and runoff by several weeks. The largest streamflow reductions were found in the mid‐range elevations due to less snow accumulation, whereas the higher elevation watersheds were more resilient due to colder temperatures. Simulation results showed that decreases in snowmelt affects not only streamflow, but evapotranspiration, surface, and subsurface flows, such that less water is available in spring and summer, thus potentially affecting aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Declining spring and summer flows did not equally affect all subwatersheds in the region, and the subwatershed perspective allowed for identification for the most sensitive basins throughout the Sierra Nevada.     

分段进水对人工快渗系统脱氮效率的影响

为提高人工快速渗滤系统（CRI）的处理效率,研究了分段进水方式下以河砂/钢渣（1#）和河砂/天然沸石（2#）为填料的两个快渗池中氮的垂直分布规律,以及对氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及总氮四种形态的氮和CODMn的去除效果。结果表明,1#池、2#池采用2∶1的进水比例在表层下600 mm处分段进水对总氮的平均去除率分别为50.90%和45.93%,相对常规进水1#、2#池总氮去除率分别提高12.45%和12.23%,但对氨氮及CODMn的去除率影响较小;1#池、2#池采用1∶1的进水比例在表层下1000 mm处分段进水对总氮的平均去除率分别为47.80%和36.21%,相对常规进水1#、2#池总氮去除率分别提高9.35%和2.51%,但是对氨氮及CODMn的去除率大幅下降。CRI系统中不同形态氮、DO及ORP垂直分布特征显示表层为好氧环境,有利于有机物的分解及硝化作用,底层为缺氧环境,有利于反硝化作用的顺利进行。此外,相对于天然沸石而言钢渣对污染物具有更好的去污效果。本研究表明,选取适当的分段进水位置及进水比例是提高CRI系统对氮的去除率的有效途径。     

影响无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统的几个主要因素

为了进一步明确植物、土壤、管道对无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统中污染物去除的贡献能力大小,采用2种植物、2种管道、2种土壤组合形成8个平行系统,采用对比实验方法研究了植物、管道、土壤对地下渗滤系统中污染物去除效果的改变。结果表明,植物、土壤、管道任一因素的单独影响效应显著,但是组合后的交互效应不存在显著差异。而且,在土壤、植物、管道3因素中限定其中2个因素,对比研究另外一种因素的条件下,得到在COD、TP、NH4＋-N、TN的去除效果上,变化趋势相同,均是渗滤管外径200mm〉渗滤管外径160mm,吉祥草〉灯芯草,砂壤土〉粘土,且部分存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。