Managing Uncertainty in Runoff Estimation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Stormwater Calculator

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Stormwater Calculator (NSWC) simplifies the task of estimating runoff through a straightforward simulation process based on the EPA Stormwater Management Model. The NSWC accesses localized climate and soil hydrology data, and options to experiment with low‐impact development (LID) features for parcels up to 5 ha in size. We discuss how the NSWC treats the urban hydrologic cycle and focus on the estimation uncertainty in soil hydrology and its impact on runoff simulation by comparing field‐measured soil hydrologic data from 12 cities to corresponding NSWC estimates in three case studies. The default NSWC hydraulic conductivity is 10.1 mm/h, which underestimates conductivity measurements for New Orleans, Louisiana (95 ± 27 mm/h) and overestimates that for Omaha, Nebraska (3.0 ± 1.0 mm/h). Across all cities, the NSWC prediction, on average, underestimated hydraulic conductivity by 10.5 mm/h compared to corresponding measured values. In evaluating how LID interact with soil hydrology and runoff response, we found direct hydrologic interaction with pre‐existing soil shows high sensitivity in runoff prediction, whereas LID isolated from soils show less impact. Simulations with LID on higher permeability soils indicate that nearly all of pre‐LID runoff is treated; while features interacting with less‐permeable soils treat only 50%. We highlight the NSWC as a screening‐level tool for site runoff dynamics and its suitability in stormwater management.     

Restoration of Riparian Buffer Function in Reclaimed Surface Mine Soils

Ecosystem processes such as water infiltration and denitrification largely determine how riparian buffers function to protect surface water quality. Reclaimed mine areas offer a unique opportunity to study the restoration of riparian function without the confounding influence of past land use. Between 1980 and 2000 in southern Illinois, agricultural fields with forest buffers were established along three restored stream reaches in reclaimed mine land. Our research objective was to compare common indicators of soil quality (infiltration, soil C and N, bulk density, and soil moisture) between forest and cultivated riparian zones to determine if riparian function was being restored. Soil bulk density was significantly lower in the forest buffers compared to the agricultural fields. The forest buffers had greater soil total C, total N, and moisture levels than agricultural fields likely due to greater organic matter inputs. Soil total C and N levels in forest buffers were positively related to age of restoration, indicating soil quality is gradually being restored in the buffers. Restoration success of riparian buffers should not be estimated by the return of structure alone; it also includes reestablishment of functions such as nutrient cycling and water retention that largely determine water quality benefits. Watershed planning efforts can expect a lag time on the order of decades between riparian restoration activities and surface water quality improvement.     

东祁连山土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响

为了解祁连山东段天祝高寒地区不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响,研究选取天然草地、退耕自然恢复地、燕麦地和多年生草地4种土地利用方式,研究了不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性影响显著。土壤容重大小依次为退耕自然恢复地(1.104 g/cm³)>多年生草地(1.061 g/cm³)>燕麦地(1.011 g/cm³)>天然草地(0.781 g/cm³);总孔隙度为天然草地(68.196%)>燕麦地(60.606%)>多年生草地(58.93%)>退耕自然恢复地(57.5%);土壤最大持水量和土壤稳渗速率天然草地最大(681.966 t/hm²和3.02 mm/min),退耕自然恢复地最小(575.005 t/hm²和1.004 mm/min)。从土壤持水性能和入渗性能来看,4种土地利用方式中天然草地最好,退耕自然恢复地最差,燕麦地和多年生草地土壤持水能力和渗透性能优于退耕自然恢复地。     

分散式污水生态处理系统及应用

介绍了一种基于生态工程技术的低费用、低能耗的分散式污水处理系统(生物-地下渗滤).分析了2003-2005年该系统氮、磷去除效果的动态变化特征.结果表明,NH4 -N的去除受温度变化的影响较大,每年7-9月去除效果最好,12月和1-3月去除效果最差;温度对磷的去除影响很小;COD、SS、TI、细菌总数、NH4 -N等污染物的去除率分别达到89.2%±1.4%、86.8%±1.8%、88.2%±3.4%、98.3%±0.1%、62.8%±3.2%,出水水质符合生活杂用水水质标准(CJ 251-89)和沈阳市污水处理中水回用标准,处理效果稳定.     

流域管理体制研究

一个科学、合理的流域管理体制,是对流域的开发、利用和保护活动进行有效管理的先决条件,是实施流域可持续发展战略目标的基本组织保证。对我国现行的流域管理体制及其存在的问题作了较为深入的分析和研究,在此基础上提出了建立统一管理、垂直领导的流域管理新体制的主张,并对流域管理新体制的形成和运行提出了具体的建议。文章旨在为我国建立一个科学的流域管理体制提供一些研究意见。     

人工快速渗滤系统堵塞-恢复实验研究

采用干湿交替间歇进水的运行方式,以不同粒径的河砂为填料构建3组人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统,研究CRI系统的堵塞-恢复规律,填料粒径与系统出水COD、水力负荷和纳污量之间的关系,以及环境温度对系统处理效率的影响。结果表明,CRI系统堵塞后经过一段时间的恢复期即可以自然恢复活性。细砂CRI系统的稳定性最好,出水COD最稳定,抗冲击能力和纳污量强于混砂和粗砂CRI系统。当温度在适宜微生物生长的范围内波动时,对系统处理效率的影响并不明显。实际工程应建造多级系统或并行系统解决堵塞问题,以保证系统的水力负荷和稳定运行。     

GIS‐Based Predictive Models of Hillslope Runoff Generation Processes1

Abstract: Successful nonpoint source pollution control using best management practice placement is a complex process that requires in‐depth knowledge of the locations of runoff source areas in a watershed. Currently, very few simulation tools are capable of identifying critical runoff source areas on hillslopes and those available are not directly applicable under all runoff conditions. In this paper, a comparison of two geographic information system (GIS)‐based approaches: a topographic index model and a likelihood indicator model is presented, in predicting likely locations of saturation excess and infiltration excess runoff source areas in a hillslope of the Savoy Experimental Watershed located in northwest Arkansas. Based on intensive data collected from a two‐year field study, the spatial distributions of hydrologic variables were processed using GIS software to develop the models. The likelihood indicator model was used to produce probability surfaces that indicated the likelihood of location of both saturation and infiltration excess runoff mechanisms on the hillslope. Overall accuracies of the likelihood indicator model predictions varied between 81 and 87% for the infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff locations respectively. On the basis of accuracy of prediction, the likelihood indicator models were found to be superior (accuracy 81‐87%) to the predications made by the topographic index model (accuracy 69.5%). By combining statistics with GIS, runoff source areas on a hillslope can be identified by incorporating easily determined hydrologic measurements (such as bulk density, porosity, slope, depth to bed rock, depth to water table) and could serve as a watershed management tool for identifying critical runoff source areas in locations where the topographic index or other similar methods do not provide reliable results.     

支持向量回归机在尾矿坝浸润线预测中的应用

本文提出一种基于支持向量回归机的浸润线高度预测方法,从大量尾矿库监测数据中选取有效样本,运用留一法对支持向量回归机参数进行优化选取,建立预测模型。结果表明：该方法能在小样本、高精度要求下对浸润线高度进行准确的预测。     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下,既可涵养地下水,又截留处置了部分雨水,减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染,是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源,本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

分散式面源生活污水生态处理技术研究进展

分散式面源生活污水是城市水体环境污染的重要来源,概述了国内外对于分散式面源生活污水的处理方法,阐述了人工湿地、氧化塘和土地处理系统等3种生态处理方式,详细介绍了地下渗滤系统的应用与研究进展,指出人工湿地与氧化塘技术的应用受土地类型与土地面积的限制,且处理效果受季节更替影响大,而应用土地渗滤系统存在的主要问题是堵塞以及系统脱氮能力不足。