Nitrous oxide emission from some English and Welsh rivers and estuaries

Nutrient and N₂O concentrations in the water columns were measured seasonally over a full salinity range in the nutrified rivers Colne, Stour, Orwell, Deben, Trent, Ouse and Humber and their estuaries on the east coast of England between August 2001 and May 2002, and in the oligotrophic rivers Conwy, Dovey and Mawddach in North and West Wales between August 2002 and May 2003. Nutrient and N₂O concentrations in the nutrified English rivers and estuaries were much higher than those in the Welsh rivers. N₂O concentrations and % saturation in the estuaries were significantly correlated with nitrate, nitrite and ammonium concentrations in the water. The strongest correlation was with nitrite (r² = 0.56, p < 0.01), suggesting that nitrite was the most significant factor among the different nutrients in regulating N₂O concentration in the estuaries. N₂O concentrations in the English rivers and estuaries were supersaturated throughout the year with annual averages from 186.9 to 992.9%, indicating that these rivers and estuaries were sources of atmospheric N₂O, whereas in the Welsh rivers N₂O concentrations were much lower with annual averages from 113.6 to 137.4% saturation. Although the estuarine area in the Colne was almost the same as that in the Conwy, the annual N₂O emission from the Colne was much higher (937498 mol N yr^–1) than in the Conwy (23020 mol N yr^–1). On the east coast, riverine emissions of N₂O were only 0.5–12.5% of the total emission from rivers and estuaries. Thus rivers were negligible, but estuaries were significant contributors to the UK N₂O inventory.     

深基坑降水设计及降水对周边环境影响的分析

为了更好地解决深基坑降水问题,本文分析了基坑降水的主要作用,介绍了常见的基坑降水方法与适用范围,并以武汉市瑞安街永清片区某深基坑降水工程为例,在结合其工程地质及水文地质条件和明确降水设计要点的基础上,选取合理的降水方案进行了深基坑降水的优化设计,同时探讨了深基坑降水对周边环境的影响以及相应的治理措施。     

北运河系地表水近10年来水质变化及影响因素分析

北运河系为北京市区最重要的排水系统,其水质优劣对城市环境及下游地区有着重要影响,通过2001～2010年间地表水的监测数据、水资源量的统计数据、社会经济的统计数据以及污水处理厂的监测数据来分析影响北运河系水质的原因.结果表明,北运河各排水支流水质均较差,主要污染指标为耗氧型有机污染物及NH4+-N等,丰水期水质好于枯水期,凉水河、温榆河、通惠河等支流的水质严重影响着北运河的水质;北运河系各河段水质在2006年后出现好转,但2006～2010年之间污染指标浓度稳定在Ⅴ类标准以上,水质的进一步改善变得困难;经济的发展、人口的增加对北京市水环境造成了巨大的压力,是造成水质难以彻底改善的主要原因之一;缺少生态补水是河系水质较差的主要原因,降水可以缓解污染,却与地表水径流造成的非点源污染形成矛盾,但对北运河来说,降水仍起到了稀释作用;污水处理率的提高改善了水质,但进一步的水质改善还需要提高污水处理效率,尤其是郊区污水处理率.     

造纸废水污染物对辽河水质的影响分析

介绍了辽河流域造纸废水污染的历史概况和治理现状,通过对造纸企业停产整顿前后河流水质变化的对比分析,论证了辽河流域造纸废水入河污染物对河流水质的显著影响。并进一步探讨了造纸废水污染的防治对策。     

Nitrate Status of Two Major Rivers in N. E. Scotland with Respect to Land Use and Fertiliser Additions

Land Use and the influence it has upon river water nitrate levels is discussed, for two large relatively unpopulated river systems in the N.E. of Scotland. the catchment areas for the rivers Dee and Don have been further subdivided into a number of sub catchments. Substantial differences in land use and agricultural potential exist both within and between the two areas. Greater agricultural production down stream is associated with increased river nitrate concentrations.     

典型城市不同河流沉积物中抗生素抗性基因的时空分布特征:以石家庄为例

河流是抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的重要储库.然而,目前有关河流中ARGs的研究多集中在其时空分布,而较少对同一区域城市和农村河流中ARGs的种类和丰度进行比较.鉴于此,以石家庄市不同河流为例,分别在2020年12月和2021年4月,选取了2条农村河流和3条城市河流,布设了15个采样点,采集了各个样点的沉积物,运用宏基因组测序技术分析了各样点沉积物中ARGs的种类和丰度,比较了城市和农村河流沉积物中ARGs的时空差异.结果表明:①在城市和农村河流中分别检出162种（4 776 ±4 452,丰度,下同）和79种ARGs（1 043 ±632）,ARGs种类和丰度均呈城市 > 农村的趋势;②在城市河流中磺胺类（SAs,27 %）、氨基糖苷类（AGs,26 %）和多药类（MDs,15 %） ARGs的相对丰度最高;而在农村河流中MDs类ARGs的相对丰度最高（65 %）,且城市河流中ARGs的复杂程度高于农村河流.③城市河流中SAs、AGs、MDs、四环素类（TCs）、利胆醇类（PNs）、大环内酯类（MLS）、β-内酰胺类（β-lactams）和二氨基嘧啶类（DAPs）ARGs间呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）,而糖肽类（GPs）ARGs与各类ARGs呈显著负相关（P < 0.05和P < 0.01）;而在农村河流中MDs和SAs类ARGs呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,氨基香豆素类（ACs）ARGs与肽类（PTs）、利福霉素类（RMs）和磷霉素类（FMs）ARGs呈显著负相关（P < 0.05和P < 0.01）;④在时间分布上,城市河流12月和4月分别检出162种（4 776 ±4 452）和148种（5 673 ±5 626）ARGs;而农村河流12月和4月分别检出79种（1 043 ±632）和46种（467 ±183）ARGs;⑤RDA分析结果表明,城市和农村河流中的ARGs均呈时间分布差异;相关分析表明城市河流主要与工业企业数量显著相关,而农村河流则主要与牧业产值显著相关.总体而言,通过比较城市和农村河流中ARGs的时空异质性,识别其主要社会影响因子,可为后续河流中ARGs风险管控提供数据支撑.     

SBR法处理合成洗涤剂废水的研究

在本文中,作者通过对ＳＢＲ工艺以及合成洗涤剂工业废水水质的介绍,经过一系列的实例,得到了使用ＳＢＲ法对合成洗涤剂工业废水进行处理的各种参数,如进水时间,如进水时间、曝气时间、搅拌时间、静沉时间、排水时间、进水水比例、实验流流程顺序等。     

基于引江灌湖为基础的物理生态工程应用研究

结合武汉市湖泊特点及分析湖泊污染带来的危害 ,叙述了一种以引江灌湖为主的生态恢复技术———物理生态工程 ,它包括 :引江灌湖模式 ;光合耗营养盐系统 ;鱼类除营养盐、抑藻系统 ;底栖、浮游动物控营养盐系统和面源截营养盐系统。并从理论及过去他人的研究实例中阐述其可行性     

Bioassessment in A Harsh Environment: A Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages at Reference and Assessment Sites in An Australian Inland River System

The Lachlan River system of inland New South Wales, which extends into semi-arid areas, is prone to natural extremes of climate and water quality and has been almost entirely modified since European settlement in Australia. We used this system as a proving ground for the mainly qualitative bioassessment metrics for river macroinvertebrates that are used widely in Australia – the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) index, the SIGNAL (Stream Invertebrate Grade Number Average Level) biotic index and the AUSRIVAS O/E (Australian River Assessment System Observed over Expected) index – plus a recently developed qualitative index, the observed proportion of potential taxa (OPP). We tested these metrics on their ability to discriminate between sites judged to be less disturbed by human activities (reference sites) and sites selected by a semi-random process and therefore expected to have a higher average level of human disturbance (assessment sites). All metrics except the AUSRIVAS O/E index differed significantly between the two types of sites at higher altitudes, with SIGNAL showing the greatest discrimination. Assessment at these altitudes was more effective if based on composite data from multiple mesohabitats rather than data from single mesohabitats. No metric differentiated the two types of sites in the more arid, lowland, floodplain region of the river system. We suggest that Australia relies too heavily on bioassessment concepts developed to assess water pollution in well-watered regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Effective assessment of human impacts on macroinvertebrates in the rivers of inland Australia requires a better understanding of the roles of flow regimes, including flood and drought sequences, and of microhabitat structure and invasive alien species. Quantitative approaches may also be required.     

洱海10条入湖河流缓冲带三圈内氮含量沿程变化

2013年7月采集了10条洱海入湖河流缓冲带三圈(外圈、内圈、中圈)内沿程34个断面的表层水样,测定了水样中总氮、可溶性总氮和氨氮的含量,分析其空间分布特征.结果表明,缓冲带内3个采样点的水质变化规律有9种类型:连续升高型,连续降低型,先降低后升高的“V”字型,先升高后降低的倒“V”字型,平稳型,先升高后平稳型,先下降后平稳型,先平稳后降低型,先平稳后升高型,10条洱海入湖河流水体ρ(TN)较高,平均值为2.93mg/L,特别是内圈入湖河口处ρ(TN)平均值为3.74mg/L,对洱海威胁较大,应加大河道治理,完善缓冲带内圈村落管网收集系统和垃圾处理设施.其中,茫涌溪、黑龙溪和清碧溪流域缓冲带ρ(DTN)为0.30~2.31mg/L,占TN比例的平均值为81%,中圈水体中氮负荷明显较内圈和外圈的高,应通过测土平衡施肥以及有机肥增施来降低化肥使用量,减少农田污染物随径流流失.考虑入湖河流水质上游普遍较好,中游开始恶化,建议在缓冲带外圈建设生态砾石床、生态塘和地下渗透池等生态截蓄净化工程.