洞庭湖钉螺扩散与水情变化规律

洞庭湖区是目前我国钉螺分布范围最广且血吸虫病疫情最难防治的疫区。为揭示近年来洞庭湖区钉螺扩散与疫区水情变化的关系,从洪水对钉螺扩散及其孳生地环境淹没时间影响考虑,提出了表征疫区钉螺扩散及孳生地变化的水情指标,选用最能综合反映洪水年水情变化的汛期平均水位作为疫区水情变化的表征指标,并以洞庭湖为例定量分析了洞庭湖区钉螺扩散与以城陵矶站汛期平均水位为指示性指标的疫区水情的相关关系。其结果显示洞庭湖区钉螺面积与湖区汛期平均水位线性相关性显著,其相关关系式为y＝0.107 2x+14382(r=0822,p<005),其中y为洞庭湖区钉螺分布面积,x为城陵矶站汛期平均水位。     

Vegetation of the Northern Russian Far East in geographic information systems

The cartographic method, in combination with computer technologies and special software, was used to develop a series of projects of geographic information systems (GISs), including regional GISs (RGISs) for three administrative regions (Magadan oblast, Chukchi Autonomous Area, and Koryak Autonomous Area) and the territorial GIS Vegetation of the Northern Russian Far East.     

信息数字化与雾的细化预测

在先前工作的基础上,尝试了信息数字化细化取样的细化分析方法.结果表明:雾的分析和预测效果更能得到"落点"预测的实效性改善.     

GIS支持下的广西早稻春季冷害区划研究

利用广西省90个气象台站1961-2006年气候资料和站点地理信息,建立了早稻冷害指标的空间分析模型;依托GIS软件平台,利用1:25万广西基础地理背景数据,按照1km×1km细网格推算出早稻冷害指标的空间分布;运用GIS技术划分出广西早稻低温冷害中无冷害、轻度冷害、中度冷害和严重冷害的4个区域的分区结果,并对区划结果进行了评述和建议.     

新型高效气体扩散电极的制备与性能

评述了原位产生H₂O₂的电化学法污水处理技术中使用的主要电极,研究了用石墨制备高效气体扩散电极的方法。对石墨用HNO₃与H₃PO₄的混合液改性,石墨与聚四氟乙烯的质量比为2∶1,电极经350℃煅烧1 h,对溶解O₂还原产生H₂O₂的催化活性最高。仅在pH值很低时,电极的活性较差,在pH=3～9时,电极的活性受pH值变化影响较小。在pH=3时电解150 min,电极的电流效率始终高于72%,H₂O₂浓度达到了274.5 mg/L。     

Information, power and environmental justice in Botany: the role of community information systems

In the environmental conflict that surrounds the sighting of hazardous waste facilities there is usually a volatile mix of disparities in power, expertise and information access as well as differing views on risk, which are all played out amidst commercial arrangements and environmental justice concerns. In recent times, the volatility of this mix has been further compounded by the growing climate of public concern and distrust surrounding scientific developments and technology. While there is no 'quick fix' to the complex conflict that this entails, community information systems (CISs) based on participatory models can help address the outstanding issues of capacity, information access, power inequities and environmental justice. CISs are an effective response to the five crucial elements of a toxic dispute, that is, the dialogue, capacity building, information access, evaluation of hazards and risk, and expertise. This paper will review the role of community accessible information systems in the dispute in Botany over the management and destruction of Orica Australia's stockpile of the persistent organic pollutant, hexachlorobenzene (HCB). It will focus on the role of CIS in responding to the challenges for expert information delivery, and in addressing the disparity of informational power within the toxic dispute.     

Landscape Planning for Agricultural Non–Point Source Pollution Reduction. II. Balancing Watershed Size,Number of Watersheds,and Implementation Effort

Agricultural non–point source (NPS) pollution poses a severe threat to water quality and aquatic ecosystems. In response, tremendous efforts have been directed toward reducing these pollution inputs by implementing agricultural conservation practices. Although conservation practices reduce pollution inputs from individual fields, scaling pollution control benefits up to the watershed level (i.e., improvements in stream water quality) has been a difficult challenge. This difficulty highlights the need for NPS reduction programs that focus efforts within target watersheds and at specific locations within target watersheds, with the ultimate goal of improving stream water quality. Fundamental program design features for NPS control programs—i.e., number of watersheds in the program, total watershed area, and level of effort expended within watersheds—have not been considered in any sort of formal analysis. Here, we present an optimization model that explores the programmatic and environmental trade-offs between these design choices. Across a series of annual program budgets ranging from $2 to $200 million, the optimal number of watersheds ranged from 3 to 27; optimal watershed area ranged from 29 to 214 km²; and optimal expenditure ranged from $21,000 to $35,000/km². The optimal program configuration was highly dependent on total program budget. Based on our general findings, we delineated hydrologically complete and spatially independent watersheds ranging in area from 20 to 100 km². These watersheds are designed to serve as implementation units for a targeted NPS pollution control program currently being developed in Wisconsin.     

加强国家生物多样性数据管理和信息交流能力建设

我国现已收集整理了覆盖全国的各类生物多样性数据和信息,但生物多样性数据管理的技术水平和质量较低,信息交流的技术手段和机制尚不理想,数据管理和信息交流的整体能力建设还相当薄弱。在评述目前我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流现状的基础上,提出加强我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流的具体行动措施,即建立新型的国家生物多样性信息系统组织机构体系,建立电子网络化的生物多样性信息系统,建立信息共享机制,优先协调、完善和开发一批数据库,制定基础数据管理标准。     

GIS与环境模拟在环境地学研究中的作用和意义

21世纪全球环境问题将更加突出,环境地学应为研究、解决环境问题做出更多的贡献。但是,环境地学研究所采用的方法和手段还不能满足客观的需要。文章着重讨论了环境模拟系统(EnvironmentalImitationSystem,EIS)的建立及EIS与地理信息系统(GeographicalInformationSystem,GIS)的耦合等问题。作者通过研究,认为上述问题已基本得到解决．从而可以弥补GIS中环境模拟功能的不足,可使EIS纳入GIS的信息空间管理系统,进行信息空间管理、应用分析和信息叠加,并使信息可视化。文章最后指出．目前,可建立GIS-EIS联合系统,以实现信息互换和信息资源的二次开发、利用。     

The impact of coastal flooding on conservation areas: A study of the Clyde Estuary, Scotland

This study examines the impact of flooding on land of high conservation value located along part of the southern shoreline of the River Clyde Estuary in western Scotland. This paper hypothesizes that, over the next 50 years, the frequency and extent of coastal flooding will increase due to the gradual effect of global warming and the consequent rise in sea-level and increase in storminess. It is argued that because of the great cost of constructing new flood defence systems it will not be possible to protect all land areas to an equal extent from flooding. A means of ranking different land use will be necessary so that society can make a rational judgement concerning which sections of coastline will be worth protecting. This study provides a methodology that combines an objective ranking of conservation areas using non-economic indicators with a GIS model of flood potential, and permits accurate forecasts of flood losses to conservation areas of different ecological value. The conservation case study used in this paper proposes the use of an ecological weighting value based on five ecological variables each of 10 categories. Tables and maps identify the sites that have been highlighted as consisting of the most ‘valuable’ conservation sites. The methodology makes extensive use of geographical information systems (GIS) to model the predicted areas of flooding and to calculate conservation weighting values of the land areas.