不同面源强度影响下城市河流溶解性有机质光谱特征变化

采用紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-vis）和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）研究两条面源输入强度不同的城市河流春夏两季水体中溶解性有机质（DOM）含量和组成变化.结果表明,两条河流夏季水体DOM腐殖化程度和相对分子质量均显著高于春季（P<0.01）. PARAFAC模型共解析出C1（UVC类富里酸）、 C2（类色氨酸）、 C3（类胡敏酸）和C4（UVA类富里酸）这4个化学组分,C1[（31±6）%]和C2[（31±4）%]为水体DOM中主要荧光组分.高面源输入水平的河流春季各组分荧光强度均低于夏季,而低面源输入水平的河流与之相反.随机森林回归模型表明,C3%对河流水质变化敏感度最高（R²=0.75,P<0.001）,具有很好的指示作用;水面覆盖率（Cover）对C4%有显著预测重要性（P<0.001）, C4%易受光化学氧化作用影响.主成分分析（PCA）和Adonis检验表明,氮和磷为水体自生源过程的重要推动力,面源输入强度和季节变化对城市河流水体状况有显著影响（R²=0.775,P<0.001）.城...     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

东北区域空气质量时空分布特征及重度污染成因分析

东北已成为我国又一个霾污染多发和重发区域.采用2013～2017年东北区域大气污染物地面监测数据、卫星数据和气象数据等信息,探讨了中国东北地区空气质量时空分布特征与重度污染成因.结果表明,"沈阳-长春-哈尔滨"带状城市群是全年污染最严重的区域,空气质量指数(AQI)的空间分布具有明显的季节性,冬季污染最严重,春季吉林省西部周围为椭圆形污染区,夏季和秋季大部分时间空气质量最佳.3个典型的霾污染时期是10月下旬和11月上旬(即秋末和初冬,时期一),12月下旬和1月(即冬季最冷的时候,时期二),及4月到5月中旬(即春季沙尘和农业耕作期).时期一,季节性作物残茬焚烧和冬季采暖用煤燃烧产生的PM_(2.5)强排放是极端霾事件发生的主要原因(AQI 300);时期二,在最严寒月份里,重度霾污染事件(200 AQI 300),主要由燃煤和汽车燃料消耗的PM_(2.5)排放量高,大气边界层较低,以及大气扩散性差等共同引起;时期三,春季PM_(10)浓度较高,主要是由内蒙古中部退化草原的风沙和吉林省西部裸地的区域性扬尘传输造成的.同时,当地农业耕作本身也释放PM_(10),并提升了裸土的人为源矿物尘的排放强度.     

雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期水体溶解性有机物的空间分布、光谱特征及来源解析

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)以及紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期不同特征区域水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的空间分布、光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明,冬季冰封期白洋淀水体DOM吸收系数无特征峰,不同特征区域的差异显著;表层水体DOM与底层水体DOM的吸收系数差异不明显;冰封期白洋淀水体的E3/E4均大于3. 5,说明DOM以低腐殖质成分为主,E2/E3为6. 35±0. 72,表明DOM中小分子量的居多,而且SR为1. 33±0. 14均大于1,显示DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸(C1)、类色氨酸(C2)和陆源腐殖质(C3);对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示C1与C2之间具有显著的相关性(P 0. 001);白洋淀各个特征区域间的DOM总荧光强度和各荧光组分荧光强度呈现显著的差异(P 0. 01); DOM的总荧光强度以及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出唐河入淀口高、烧车淀低的特征,C1+C2是DOM的主要成分;冰封期白洋淀水体的DOM生物源指数(BIX)为1. 23±0. 18,荧光指数FI为2. 30±0. 16 ( 1. 8),表明白洋淀DOM来源于生物活动并且以自生源为主,与腐殖程度指标(HIX)的结果相吻合; PCA结合Adonis分析显示,白洋淀不同区域水体DOM的光谱特征差异明显(P 0. 05),表层与底层的DOM光谱特征相近(P 0. 05);并且组分C1、C2、C3与DOM特征参数(HIX、BIX、Fn280、Fn355)以及水质参数(总氮、高锰酸盐指数、溶解性总磷)构建的多元线性回归方程显著相关性(P 0. 001).综上,通过对冬季冰封期白洋淀各个典型淀区水体DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以为分析白洋淀水体有机物污染特征和白洋淀的水质管理提供技术支持.     

城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物及荧光物质的变化规律

以锦州市W污水处理厂为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱分析技术和荧光区域积分(FRI)方法考察了城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物及荧光物质的去除状况.利用XAD树脂将DOM分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPIA)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,HPO-A和HPI是该污水处理厂进水中的主要DOM组分,并且DOM中的荧光物质主要为类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质和类富里酸荧光物质.在该污水处理厂内,生物降解作用是TPI-A和HPI的主要去除机制,HPO-N和TPI-N主要是由深度处理工艺(絮凝-沉淀-过滤)去除的,生物处理工艺和深度处理工艺对HPO-A的去除能力接近,而生物处理工艺和深度处理工艺对TPI-N的去除效果均较差.生物处理工艺对HPO-A、TPI-A和HPI中的荧光物质有较强的去除能力,而对HPO-N和TPI-N中荧光物质的去除效果较差.深度处理工艺能够有效去除HPO-A和HPO-N中的荧光物质,而对TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI中的荧光物质无明显去除作用.     

航空压力环境对锂离子电池热解气体爆炸极限影响*

针对航空锂离子电池热失控释放气体安全性研究不足的问题,采用气体拉曼光谱技术、气相色谱仪(Gas Chromatography,GC)和质谱(Mass Spectroscopy,MS)耦合来探究压力和荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)对锂离子电池早期故障气体类型、气体动态演变及气体潜在危险性等特征的影响规律,同时综合考虑压力、电压和电池温度等多种因素分析锂离子电池热失控危害。研究结果表明:电池SOC越高且环境压力越低,电池越早触发热失控,爆炸极限越宽,其中30 kPa下100%SOC电池热解气体爆炸极限为8.01%~53.35%;SOC和环境压力越高,电池热失控越危险,释放的气体体积越多;CO,CO2,PF3,C2H4及电解液（C3H6O2、C3H6O3、C4H8O2）等气体可作为航空锂离子电池早期故障诊断特征。研究结果对保障锂离子电池在航空领域的安全运输及应用具有重要意义。     

环糊精对腐植酸-芘、蒽相互作用影响初探

利用吸收光谱、荧光猝灭法、圆二色谱法及芘荧光探针法,探讨了环糊精(CDs)对腐植酸(HA)与以芘为代表的多环芳烃(PAHs)相互作用的影响.β-CD与HA的吸收光谱和荧光光谱测定结果表明:β-CD能够包络HA的芳环部分;荧光猝灭法和圆二色谱法测定结果表明:HA能够与被β-CD空腔包络的芘分子发生相互作用,CDs和HA之间存在与芘相互作用的竞争;用荧光猝灭法测定了四种不同CDs存在下HA和芘的结合常数,并用芘为荧光探针进行测定,结果表明:CDs浓度较低时,HA对芘的作用占优势;反之,CDs占优势.与其它三种CDs不同,γ-CD存在下HA与芘的结合常数随其浓度的升高一直增大.     

Use of thermal analysis techniques (TG-DSC) for the characterization of diverse organic municipal waste streams to predict biological stability prior to land application

The use of organic municipal wastes as soil amendments is an increasing practice that can divert significant amounts of waste from landfill, and provides a potential source of nutrients and organic matter to ameliorate degraded soils. Due to the high heterogeneity of organic municipal waste streams, it is difficult to rapidly and cost-effectively establish their suitability as soil amendments using a single method. Thermal analysis has been proposed as an evolving technique to assess the stability and composition of the organic matter present in these wastes. In this study, three different organic municipal waste streams (i.e., a municipal waste compost (MC), a composted sewage sludge (CS) and a thermally dried sewage sludge (TS)) were characterized using conventional and thermal methods. The conventional methods used to test organic matter stability included laboratory incubation with measurement of respired C, and spectroscopic methods to characterize chemical composition. Carbon mineralization was measured during a 90-day incubation, and samples before and after incubation were analyzed by chemical (elemental analysis) and spectroscopic (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) methods. Results were compared with those obtained by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Total amounts of CO₂ respired indicated that the organic matter in the TS was the least stable, while that in the CS was the most stable. This was confirmed by changes detected with the spectroscopic methods in the composition of the organic wastes due to C mineralization. Differences were especially pronounced for TS, which showed a remarkable loss of aliphatic and proteinaceous compounds during the incubation process. TG, and especially DSC analysis, clearly reflected these differences between the three organic wastes before and after the incubation. Furthermore, the calculated energy density, which represents the energy available per unit of organic matter, showed a strong correlation with cumulative respiration. Results obtained support the hypothesis of a potential link between the thermal and biological stability of the studied organic materials, and consequently the ability of thermal analysis to characterize the maturity of municipal organic wastes and composts.     

Mapping of temperature and line-of-sight errors in constituent retrievals for MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements

An optimized code for the near real-time retrieval of line of sight, temperature and volume-mixing ratio profiles of five key species (O₃, H₂O, HNO₃, CH₄ and N₂O) from infrared limb spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) experiment on board the ENVISAT-1 satellite was developed as part of an ESA-supported study. In this code line of sight and temperature are retrieved simultaneously among themselves, but sequentially with respect to the volume-mixing ratio of the five key species. The sequential retrieval leaves unaccounted the mapping of line of sight and temperature errors in the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the constituents. This paper illustrates an algorithm that provides the a-posteriori evaluation of temperature and line-of-sight-induced error on the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the MIPAS key species. It is shown that in most cases temperature and line-of-sight-induced error provides a significant contribution to the total volume-mixing ratio error. The variability of this error as a function of latitude, season and atmospheric model is also analyzed.     

急性毒性藻红外测试中敏感藻的确定方法

敏感藻是指在急性毒性藻红外测试中对毒物响应的温差大、时间快、种类多、剂量低的特殊藻类.自然藻中是否存在敏感藻以及如何确定,是建立藻红外测试法的关键.为此,开展了敏感藻确定方法的探索性研究.试验用8种藻,重金属、有机毒物、农药各10种进行测试分析,结果表明:短线脆杆藻(Fragilaria brevistriata)对重金属、羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)对有机毒物、纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)对除草剂和杀虫剂、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)对杀菌剂的平均绝对温差分别为0.21℃、0.27℃、0.19～0.20℃、0.20℃,分别高出各自的总均温差0.07℃、0.15℃、0.07℃、0.08℃;4种藻的平均响应时间1.5～7.0min,较好响应药品的响应率≥80%;发光细菌对部分药品的灵敏度在0.07～50.0mg·L-1,而4种藻对相同药品的灵敏度在0.01～7.0mg·L-1.根据敏感藻定义和试验结果,确定短线脆杆藻、羊角月牙藻、纤细裸藻、水华鱼腥藻分别为重金属、有机毒物、除草剂和杀虫剂、杀菌剂的敏感藻.