铁铈氧化物对土壤As (Ⅴ)和P的稳定化效果

本文以铁铈氧化物(Fe-Ce,FC)为研究对象,评估其对中国3种典型砷(As)污染土壤的稳定化修复效果,并通过电子扫描显微镜能散X线分析仪(SEM-EDS)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等光谱学技术探索FC对As(Ⅴ)的微观吸附特征.结果表明,FC能使土壤毒性浸出As含量显著降低84. 1%～98. 3%,且在碱性土壤中表现出较强的高p H适应性,能显著增加吸附态As(F1+F2)向水合铁铝氧化物结合态(F3+F4)的稳定化. FC能使不同类型土壤的有效态P含量显著下降47. 13%～60. 32%,不仅能缓解P竞争土壤As(Ⅴ)吸附位点,而且能有效预防周边水体的面源污染.通过SEM-EDS和XPS分析,发现As(Ⅴ)吸附产物表面均检测到Fe、Ce和As这3种元素,且As主要吸附于Fe原子表面. FC在我国土壤砷污染稳定化修复领域具有较好地应用前景.     

秸秆生物质炭DOM光谱特征及其与Cu2+的相互作用

通过荧光猝灭滴定法探究玉米秸秆炭（MSB）、水稻秸秆炭（RSB）和花生秸秆炭（PSB）中DOM的光谱特征及其与Cu²⁺的络合机理.结果表明：三种生物质炭的DOM均具有较高的亲水性和较低的芳香性,其中RSB-DOM的芳香性相对较强、分子量较大,但DOM含量低,PSB-DOM含量最高,芳香结构中含氧官能团较多.MSB和RSB-DOM中均含类富里酸组分C1和类腐殖酸组分C3、C4,RSB-DOM中还有类色氨酸组分C5,PSB-DOM则由两种类富里酸组分C1、C2和较长波长类腐殖酸组分C4组成,3种DOM均以类富里酸组分为主,占比达54.93%~86.29%.Cu²⁺与类腐殖酸组分的稳定常数（logK_M）高于类富里酸组分,且类腐殖酸组分C4的络合能力（f）最强,类腐殖酸组分的logK_M和f值总体上表现为：PSB-DOM> MSB-DOM>RSB-DOM.二维相关光谱分析发现,类富里酸组分对Cu²⁺最敏感,而Cu²⁺优先与类腐殖酸组分结合.研究结果有助于进一步揭示生物质炭的DOM对Cu²⁺环境行为的影响机制.     

Decoupling the adsorption mechanisms of arsenate at molecular level on modified cube-shaped sponge loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

In this study, a commercial cube-shaped open-celled cellulose sponge adsorbent was modified by in-situ co-precipitation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and used to remove As(V) from aqueous solutions. Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and TEM identified maghemite as the main iron phase of the SPION nanoparticles with an average size 13 nm. Batch adsorption experiments at 800 mg/L showed a 63% increase of adsorption capacity when loading 2.6 wt.% mass fraction of SPION in the cube-sponge. Experimental determination of the adsorption thermodynamic parameters indicated that the As(V) adsorption on the composite material is a spontaneous and exothermic process. As K-edge XAS results confirmed that the adsorption enhancement on the composite can be attributed to the nanoparticles loaded. In addition, adsorbed As(V) did not get reduced to more toxic As(III) and formed a binuclear corner-sharing complex with SPION. The advantageous cube-shape of the sponge-loaded SPION composite together with its high affinity and good adsorption capacity for As(V), good regeneration capability and the enhanced-diffusion attributed to its open-celled structure make this adsorbent a good candidate for industrial applications.     

狐尾藻在不同营养底泥腐解过程中胡敏酸的变化

采用平行因子分析方法,结合紫外吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱以及傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,研究了沉水植物狐尾藻在低、中、高营养底泥腐解过程中胡敏酸（HA）的变化,进一步揭示了不同营养底泥对沉水植物腐解的影响机制.结果表明,底泥营养水平越高,狐尾藻腐解得越快（P<0.05）,释放出更多的溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、溶解性总磷（DTP）和腐殖质;底泥营养程度与HA的疏水性、分子复杂性、分子量大小呈正相关（P<0.05）;荧光鉴别出不同营养底泥HA都含有1种类蛋白质组分C2和2种类富里酸组分C1、C3,且类富里酸组分和类蛋白质组分在不同腐解条件下具有相似的组分特征;不同营养底泥不同时间提取的HA红外图谱较为相似,表明不同腐解条件不同时间提取的HA含有相似的官能团,狐尾藻腐烂高营养底泥组提取的HA含有更多的芳香性物质和有机磷.采用光谱分析法对狐尾藻腐烂分解HA成分的化学结构特征进行系统的研究,可深入了解不同营养底泥对沉水植物腐解的影响机制,为湖泊水环境生态治理和修复提供理论参考.     

Raman spectroscopy of diesel and gasoline engine-out soot using different laser power

We studied engine-out soot samples collected from a heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine and port-fuel injection gasoline spark-ignition engine. The two types of soot samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy with different laser powers. A Matlab program using least-square-method with trust-region-reflective algorithm was developed for curve fitting. A DOE (design of experiments) method was used to avoid local convergence. The method was used for two-band fitting and three-band fitting. The fitting results were used to determine the intensity ratio of D (for “Defect” or “Disorder”) and G (for “Graphite”) Raman bands. It is found that high laser power may cause oxidation of soot sample, which gives higher D/G intensity ratio. Diesel soot has consistently higher amorphous/graphitic carbon ratio, and thus higher oxidation reactivity, compared to gasoline soot, which is reflected by the higher D/G intensity ratio in Raman spectra measured under the same laser power.     

泥沙沉降对水体中溶解性有机物光谱学特性的影响

以沈阳市新开河为研究对象,考察了泥沙沉降过程中,沉降时间、泥沙含量、pH、盐度对水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)的含量和光谱学特性的影响.结果表明,泥沙沉降条件下,水体中DOC随泥沙沉降时间的增长而先增大后减小,随泥沙含量的增加而先减小后增大,随pH的增大而增大,随盐度的增大而减小.随着pH的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性增强;随着盐度的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性降低.随着泥沙沉降时间的增长,DOM中各类荧光物质的含量先增加后减少;随着泥沙含量的增加,DOM中类腐殖酸和类富里酸荧光物质的含量增加,而类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的含量降低.在泥沙沉降过程中,下层水体中DOC、在波长为254 nm处的紫外吸光度(UV-254),以及DOM中荧光物质含量的变化量高于上层水体.     

Selective elimination of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal wastewater treatment plants potentially has a detrimental effect on both aquatic organisms and humans. This study evaluated the removal and transformation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under different seasons. The results showed that bio-treatment was found to be more efficient in removing bulk DOM (in terms of dissolved organic carbon, DOC) than CDOM and FDOM, which was contrary to the disinfection process. CDOM and FDOM were selectively removed at various stages during the treatment. Typically, the low molecular weight (MW) fractions of CDOM and protein-like FDOM were more efficiently removed during bio-treatment process, whereas the humic-like FDOM exhibited comparable decreases in both bio-treatment and disinfection processes. Overall, the performance of the WWTP was weak in terms of CDOM and FDOM removal, resulting in enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in effluent. Moreover, the total removal of the bulk DOM (P < 0.05) and the protein-like FDOM (P < 0.05) displayed a significant seasonal variation, with higher removal efficiencies in summer, whereas removal of CDOM and the humic-like FDOM showed little differences between summer and winter. In all, the results provide useful information for understanding the fate and transformation of DOM, illustrating that sub-fractions of DOM could be selectively removed depending on treatment processes and seasonality.     

污水再生过程中消毒副产物前体物转化规律

采用大孔吸附树脂将污水中的消毒副产物(DBP)前体物分离为亲水性物质(HPI)、强疏水性物质(HPO)和弱疏水性物质(TPI)这3个组分,通过三维荧光光谱、傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振对再生水处理各沿程前体物进行表征,并测定各沿程出水的消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP).结果表明,生活污水中DBPs前体物主要组分为腐殖质和脂肪烃,以HPI为主.一级处理(沉淀)基于HPO与水互斥的物理性能对疏水性腐殖质有较好的去除效果,腐殖质的去除会导致含碳消毒副产物生成势(CDBPFP)的降低.此外由于DON/DOC的增加,含氮消毒副产物生成势(N-DBPFP)有所增加.二级处理(生物处理)对腐殖质和脂类均有较好的去除效果,但会产生大量疏水性的溶解性微生物产物(SMP),因此生物处理后DBPs前体物主要表现为疏水性.SMP的累积会导致C-DBPFP和N-DBPFP的大幅增加.深度处理(滤布滤池)能截留部分腐殖质和疏水性的SMP,因此前体物HPO占比减少,HPI占比增加.深度处理可以通过对SMP的去除来降低C-DBPFP和N-DBPFP.     

亚热带河口陆基养虾塘水体CDOM三维荧光光谱平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)技术,对我国亚热带地区闽江、木兰溪、九龙江河口滨海陆基养虾塘水体的有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)进行了组分及来源分析.研究表明从养虾塘水体CDOM荧光光谱中解析出4个有效PARAFAC荧光组分,包括2种类蛋白质物质和2种类腐殖酸物质,其中类蛋白质组分是河口陆基养虾塘水体中CDOM的主要组成部分.水体的荧光指数FI和自生源指标BIX表明河口区滨海陆基养虾塘水体中CDOM的强自生来源贡献.而腐殖化指标HIX表明养殖塘水体具有弱腐殖化特征.类蛋白质组分与类腐殖质组分之间可能具有相同的来源属性和地化行为,盐度与CDOM呈现极显著负相关,而DOC与CDOM中类腐殖质组分(C2、C3)呈现显著正相关.本研究为进一步揭示养虾塘水体CDOM的光化学性质提供了科学依据.     

湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演研究综述

湖泊水面温度与藻类生长密切相关,通过获取水体表层温度信息来监测湖泊水面温度时空动态变化,对于蓝藻水华预警监控具有重要意义。湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演的理论方法与反演地表、海洋表面温度基本相同。本文在介绍遥感反演地表温度原理的基础上,总结了国内外基于热红外波段反演水体表面温度的单窗算法、劈窗算法、多通道算法等几种常用方法,重点分析了各算法的优缺点和反演的主要难点,并对今后在内陆水体藻华预测顸警等方面的应用趋势进行了展望。