渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤盐渍化现状特征及其与光谱的关系

利用遥感、土壤光谱及土壤盐分数据相结合的方法进行土壤盐渍化监测,选择2组不同特征的变量,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤盐渍化的现状特征进行了探讨,并计算了14个盐分因子与光谱波段(405 nm,410 nm,…,890 nm)的Pearson相关系数.结果发现,除少数光谱波段外,盐分因子与光谱波段之间的相关性并不显著. 在此基础上,利用后向多元线性回归分析,建立了部分盐分因子的预测模型,并对pH模型的精度进行了验证. 最后在野外考察,GPS定点和土壤采样分析的基础上,给出了土壤盐渍化程度及其分布范围.      

Lack of innate preference for morph and species identity in mate-searching <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enallagma</Emphasis> damselflies

Insect mate recognition is often viewed as stereotypic, innate, and species-specific. However, male damselflies can learn to identify female-specific color morphs as potential mates. A suite of male mimicry hypotheses assume that heteromorphic females, which differ from males in color pattern, are more easily recognized as “female” and thus lack the inherent, anti-harassment advantage that the more male-like signal provides for andromorphs. Using two measures of male preference, we investigated whether naïve males have a preexisting sensory bias for a given morph color in Enallagma civile, a species that appeared to exhibit extreme plasticity in morph expression across generations within a breeding season. E. civile males raised in the absence of females exhibited no preference for either morph, whereas males raised with one female type exhibited a learned sensory bias for that morph. Male Enallagma also lacked a bias toward conspecific females over a congeneric sister species. In a naturally naïve population of Enallagma ebrium, males reacted sexually to both morphs of Enallagma hageni as often as they did to conspecific females, whose thoracic spectra were nearly identical with those of E. hageni. Moreover, despite the similar thoracic spectra of males and andromorphs, both of which reflected UV, males rarely reacted sexually to other males. Our results falsified implicit assumptions of male mimicry hypotheses, supported learned mate recognition, and suggested a scenario for speciation via sexual conflict.     

泥沙腐殖质荧光特性及其与双酚A和类固醇吸附的关系

用批处理的方法测定了泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质对双酚A(BPA)和两种典型类固醇(17β-雌二醇(E2)和17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2))的吸附规律,分析了泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质的荧光光谱特征;探讨了腐殖质荧光光谱特征与BPA、E2和EE2吸附的关系.结果表明,泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质占泥沙总有机碳含量的9.3%～27.1%,BPA、E2和EE2三种物质的标化分配系数logKoc(hs)值变化范围分别为:3.14～4.09、3.47～4.33和3.65～4.32,其平均值大小顺序为EE2＞E2＞BPA,与3种物质辛醇水分配系数大小顺序一致.不同泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质的荧光光谱都有2个特征峰,其位置分别在Ex/Em=(310～330nm)/(390～400 nm)(α)和Ex/Em=(250～260nm)/(400～450nm)(α');2个特征峰峰强度比值(Iα'/Iα)变化范围为0.46～1.64;而且,泥沙中富里酸的荧光光谱与碱性可提取腐殖质的类似.腐殖质荧光光谱特征峰α由相对稳定、高分子量的芳香性类富里酸物质产生,随着芳香性类富里酸物质含量的增加Iα'/Iα值减小,因此,BPA、E2和EE2三种物质的logKoc(hs)与Iα'/Iα值间存在线性关系.     

酪氨酸氯化过程中光谱变化特征及消毒副产物的生成规律

考察酪氨酸在不同投氯量条件下氯化后的余氯,紫外吸光度值和荧光光谱,以及消毒副产物对羟基苯乙腈(4-HBC)的生成特性。结果表明,随着投氯量的增加,余氯呈现先增加再减小再增加的趋势。在投氯量为0～0.5 mmolCl2/L时,增加投氯量可提高氯化后溶液的UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明低投氯量时氯化可提高溶液中不饱和键的含量;而投氯量为0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L时,增加投氯量降低UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明过量的氯亦可破坏溶液中的不饱和键。荧光光谱测试实验亦发现:在投氯量为0.05 mmol Cl2/L时,酪氨酸溶液氯化后的荧光峰强度明显增加,表明氯化可生成荧光强度较高的产物。过量的氯(0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L)则可破坏溶液中的荧光结构,降低荧光峰强度直至未检出。     

Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor and regional integration analysis to characterize organic matter humification

The present several humification indexes cannot provide the whole fluorescence information on organic matter composition and the evaluation results from them are inconsistent sometimes. In this study, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis and fluorescence regional integration analysis were utilized to investigate organic matter humification, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model was applied to form a suitable index for overcoming the difficulties in multi-index evaluation. The result showed that the ratio between the volume of humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence region and the volume of protein-like fluorescence region not only revealed the heterogeneity of organic matter, but also provided more accurate information on organic matter humification. In addition, the results showed that the PPC model could be used to characterize integrally the humification, and the projected characteristic value calculated from the PPC model could be used as the integrated humification evaluation index.     

Rain‐washing of mimic®, RH‐5992, from balsam fir foliage following application of two formulations

Abstract

Two formulation concentrates of the insecticide, RH‐5992 [N'‐t‐butyl‐N'‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoyl)‐N‐(4‐ethylbenzoyI) hydrazine], an aqueous flowable (2F) and an emulsion‐suspension (ES), were diluted with water to provide spray mixes containing dosage rates ranging from 35 to 150 g of the active ingredient (AI)/ha. The mixes were sprayed in a laboratory chamber, onto balsam fir branch tips collected from field trees and greenhouse‐grown seedlings. Droplet spectra and spray mass recovery were determined on artificial samplers. Simulated rainfall of two different intensities was applied at different rain‐free periods, and rain droplet sizes were determined. Foliar washoff of RH‐5992 was assessed after application of different amounts of rain, and the increase in soil residues was evaluated.

A direct relationship was indicated between the amount of rainfall and RH‐5992 washoff. The larger the rain droplet size, the greater the amount washed off. Longer rain‐free periods made the deposits more resistant to rain. Regardless of the amount of rainfall, rain droplet size and rain‐free period, foliar deposits of the 2F formulation were washed off to a greater extent than the ES formulation. The increase in soil residues due to foliar washoff was greater for the 2F than for the ES formulation. The deposits of the emulsion‐suspension were consistently more resistant to rain‐washing than those of the aqueous flowable formulation.     

生物强化组合工艺处理河水的三维荧光及生物多样性分析

通过对受污染地表水进行生物滤池-臭氧预氧化-生物活性炭滤池工艺处理,考察生物强化条件下该项工艺对河水中主要污染物的净化效果,并采用EEM光谱技术进行了溶解性有机物变化和去除规律分析,利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析。结果表明,生物强化组合工艺系统出水水质主要指标已达到/接近地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅳ类限值,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。受污染河水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类芳香族蛋白质(荧光峰A、B和E)及类腐殖酸(荧光峰C)及类富里酸(荧光峰D),其中,A峰、B峰与E峰的中心位置分别位于225/340 nm、275/336 nm和225/298 nm,各特征荧光峰强度发生明显改变表明,污水中溶解性有机物的含量随系统处理过程而变化。     

湖北东湖、梁子湖和洪湖颗粒物吸收光谱特征分析

通过对2007年9月底和10月初湖北东湖、梁子湖、洪湖水体中悬浮颗粒物的吸收系数进行研究,系统分析了3个湖泊水体中颗粒物吸收系数变化规律及影响因素。结果表明：总颗粒物吸收表现出明显浮游植物吸收特征,反映颗粒物中浮游植物贡献比较高;东湖和梁子湖吸收系数显著大于洪湖,表明东湖和梁子湖水下光场条件不如洪湖。武汉东湖各点颗粒物吸收系数变化不大,而梁子湖和洪湖各点则存在较大空间差异。3个湖泊非藻类颗粒物吸收光谱谱型一致,随波长增加大致按指数规律衰减。武汉东湖、梁子湖、洪湖指数函数斜率平均值分别为12.31±0.32 μm-1、1196±084 μm-1、1198±168 μm-1。浮游植物特征波长的吸收系数与浮游植物色素浓度具有显著性正相关,可以通过色素浓度测定反推浮游植物吸收系数。总颗粒物、非藻类颗粒物吸收系数与总悬浮物、有机颗粒物、无机颗粒物均存在显著性正相关。浮游植物吸收系数与有机颗粒物也有很好的线性相关,证明有机颗粒物主要以浮游植物为主。     

苯酚羟化酶基因工程菌表达优化及特性研究

利用表面响应法优化苯酚羟化酶基因工程菌(PH_IND)的生长条件(种龄、接种量)及表达条件(诱导OD600、IPTG浓度、诱导时间、诱导温度),并对其粗酶特性进行考察.实验结果表明,菌株PH_IND的最佳生长条件及表达条件为:种龄7.19h,接种量1.39%,诱导OD6000.54,IPTG浓度0.19mmol·L-1,诱导时间2.37h,诱导温度35℃,此时,苯酚羟化酶最大酶活力为0.6167U·mg-1.粗酶特性分析表明,苯酚羟化酶的最适pH和温度分别为8.0和40℃.Ba2+、Fe3+、Hg2+、Pb2+对苯酚羟化酶有明显促进作用,而Ca2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Mg2+、Mn2+对苯酚羟化酶有抑制作用.底物广谱性实验表明,苯酚羟化酶具有极强的芳香化合物降解能力.     

河北洨河溶解性有机物光谱学特性

基于荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱与水质基本化学指标,联合主成分分析与相关性分析,对典型城市纳污河流——河北洨河的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行光谱学特性研究.结果表明,河流水体中DOM主要有类蛋白和类腐殖质两类,其中含氮化合物及DOM与水体COD之间相关性较高,尤其以氨氮对类腐殖质贡献较大.因此降低洨河水体中COD可通过减少氨氮与DOM来实现,同时此两类指标也应作为日后水体监控指标.干流水体样品中DOM下游相对上游类蛋白逐渐减少,而类腐殖质则呈现增加的趋势,并以类胡敏酸为主要存在形式.代表支流4种样品中,S1、S2水体DOM主要以类胡敏酸为重要成分,其组成有机物多为大分子量、芳香性高的有机物质,而S3、S6水体中主要为相对易降解的类蛋白,其相对分子质量相对较小、芳香性程度较低.针对代表支流的4个污水处理单位出水水体中的DOM特征,建议S1与S2应添加或改进对大分子物质有较好去除效果的膜处理设备,以加强对水体中相对难降解类腐殖质物质的去除;S3与S6应优化相关厌氧与好氧生物处理工艺,从而提高易降解的类蛋白物质的去除能力.