国内典型城市降雨径流初期累积特征分析

提出以携带50%污染物负荷的径流定义初期雨水,选取累积50%污染物负荷的历时(T50)及对应累积径流深度(D50)两个参数,总结分析典型山地城市、平原城市、河网城市等6个城市17场降雨径流污染物累积特征.进一步以山地城市和平原城市为例,探讨了不同降雨强度、区域环境径流污染物累积特征及相互影响.结果表明,径流污染物累积趋势完全一致但特征不同,山地城市、河网城市、高原城市和河口城市表现为初期累积,平原城市则表现为中期累积.随着雨强增大,污染物D50骤增,T50锐减.相比平原城市,山地城市不同类型污染物D50更大、T50更小,山地城市和平原城市分别截留初期7.4mm和5.2mm径流可以控制50%污染物负荷.     

基于鲸鱼优化算法与投影寻踪耦合的云南省初始水权分配

论文基于公平性、效率性和可持续性原则,选取水资源开发用率等17个分水指标建立云南省初始水权分配指标体系,运用投影寻踪（Projection Pursuit, PP）技术确定云南省各州市初始水权分配水量。针对PP技术最佳投影方向难以确定的不足,利用一种新型群智能算法——鲸鱼优化算法（Whale Optimization Algorithm, WOA）寻优PP模型最佳投影方向,构建WOA-PP耦合的初始水权分配模型。通过6个典型测试函数对WOA进行仿真验证,仿真结果与文化算法（Cultural Algorithm, CA）、差分进化（Differential Evolution, DE）算法、混合蛙跳算法（Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm, SFLA）、布谷鸟搜索（Cuckoo Search, CS）算法、粒子群优化（Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO）算法和人工蜂群（Artificial Bee Colony, ABC）算法的寻优结果进行比较。结果表明：1）无论是单峰还是多峰函数,WOA能够探索不同的搜索空间,具有良好的开发和勘探能力,对Sphere等6个函数的寻优精度高于CA、DE、SFLA、CS、PSO和ABC算法,表现出较好的寻优精度、收敛速度、全局寻优能力与收敛稳定性。2）从WOA-PP模型初始水权分配结果及目前实行的综合法水量分配结果对比来看,2015年昭通、丽江、临沧、红河、文山、怒江两种方法的分配结果相差最小,在0.11亿~0.41亿m³之间;玉溪、普洱、大理、德宏和迪庆两种方法的分配结果相差最大,在2.06亿~4.38亿m³之间;其余州市两种方法的分配结果在1.12亿~1.61亿m³之间。2020年保山、昭通、丽江、临沧、红河、文山、怒江两种方法的分配结果相差最小,在0.02亿~0.41亿m³之间;昆明、玉溪和德宏两种方法的分配结果相差最大,分别为5.89亿、5.66亿和3.54亿m³;其余州市两种方法的分配结果在1.89亿~2.85亿m³之间。3）论文提出的初始水权分配模型及方法具有一定的可操作性和有效性,可为区域初始水权分配提供新的思路和方法。     

ROLE OF BASEFLOW IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS1

ABSTRACT. The role of initial baseflow, or the baseflow at the beginning of storm precipitation, in modifying mathematical rainfall-runoff relations is analyzed by using data from 95 storms over a drainage basin in Illinois. A regression model is set up with total runoff, surface runoff, baseflow runoff, and peak flow as dependent variables, and storm precipitation, initial baseflow, effective and total storm durations, and highest and lowest temperatures during the storm as independent variables. Stepwise regression analyses show that storm precipitation and initial baseflow are the most important variables for making dependent variable estimates. The standard error estimates using only storm precipitation and initial baseflow as predictors show a seasonal trend with a peak in July, August, or September. An understanding of the role of baseflow as an indicator of average soil moisture condition over the basin can be of great help in short-term reservoir regulation and flood warning.     

再生水水质环境中典型水华藻的生长特性

基于微藻的生长潜力试验,研究了再生水回用于景观水体时的水华风险.结果表明,在天然混合藻种接种体系中,铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)在再生水水质条件下的生长潜力大于其他受试藻种,其在3种二级出水(A2O、氧化沟和活性污泥)中的最大藻密度均可大于106个.mL-1,比生长速率0.39 d-1.A2O-超滤膜过滤-活性炭吸附-氯消毒深度处理工艺没有有效减低铜绿微囊藻的生长潜力,难以减小水华风险.再生水中的TP浓度能够明显影响铜绿微囊藻的最大密度(Kmax)和最大种群增长速率(Rmax),且符合Monod方程.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization

The characteristics of urban runoffs and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three different functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runoffs were higher than those of roof runoffs. The first flush effects in roof and road runoffs were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R~2, 0.87-0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD_5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an effective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runo characterization

The characteristics of urban runo s and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three di erent functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runo s were higher than those of roof runo s. The first flush e ects in roof and road runo s were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R2, 0.87–0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an e ective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

基于构造应变对隧道初始地应力场的反演分析

岩体中的初始地应力场是岩体稳定性与工程运营必须考虑的重要因素。以东营子隧道工程为例,以隧址区构造应变作为待求解的约束条件,结合工程地质条件和实测地应力资料,运用有限元软件对隧址区地应力场进行了回归反演分析。结果表明:基于区域构造应变获得的隧址区初始应力场克服了边界条件对地应力场的影响,更加准确地反映了隧址区地应力场的分布规律,可为隧道围岩稳定性分析提供准确的位移边界条件。     

Q235碳钢在石化大气环境中初期腐蚀行为

在武汉石化厂区内对Q235碳钢进行了半年的化工大气环境下的暴晒试验,测量了钢的初期腐蚀速率;利用扫描电镜、XRD观察分析了暴晒后样品的锈层特征;对带锈试样进行了交流阻抗测量.结果显示,Q235碳钢暴晒半年后腐蚀产物主要有Fe2(SO4)3·nH2O,FeSO4·nH2O,FeOOH,Fe(OH)(SO4)(H2O),腐...     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide

Information on the binding of organic ligands to metal （hydr）oxide surfaces is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of natural organic matter on metal （hydr）oxide. In this study, benzoate and salicylate were employed as the model organic ligands and aluminum hydroxide as the metal hydroxide. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectra revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate do coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminum hydroxide, thereby forming innersphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidic or neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are to be formed between benzoate and aluminum hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkalic. Monodentate and bridging complexes can be formed at pH 5 while precipitate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 7 when salicylate anions are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The X-ray photoelectron （XP） spectra demonstrated the variation of C 1 s binding energy in the salicyate and phenolic groups before and after adsorption. It implied that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminum hydroxide surface, while both carboxylate group and phenolic group are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained with ATR-FTIR.