Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。     

基于生命周期评价的城市固体废弃物处理模式研究进展

通过回顾2003-2010年国内外不同城市固体废弃物管理体系生命周期评价结果,列举比较了不同固体废弃物处理模式下的全球变暖潜力、酸化潜力和净能源效用等影响评价因子的大小,得出城市固体废弃物处理模式环境影响等级:填埋的环境影响潜值最大,焚烧的环境影响潜值小于填埋,而结合堆肥后环境影响潜值降低;此外,将固体废弃物资源化引入到处理模式后,特别是垃圾源头分类回收后,环境影响潜值大大降低。结合我国城市固体废弃物处理现状,提出单一的处理模式应转变为综合处理模式,多种生活垃圾处理方式适当的有机结合,因地制宜地开展固体废弃物资源化管理,以及餐厨垃圾源头分类收集处理等建议,为政府能有效利用城市固体废弃物处理设施的能力提供参考。     

OMS-2负载Pt催化剂的制备及其催化氧化性能研究

采用前掺杂法、沉积-沉淀法和浸渍法制备了氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)负载Pt催化剂(Pt/OMS-2),对所制催化剂进行了结构和织构表征。并研究了不同制备方法和沉积-沉淀法中不同制备(Pt负载量和溶液的pH值)对Pt/OMS-2催化氧化CO性能的影响。结果表明,沉积-沉淀法制备的Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂活性最好(T100=100℃)。这与Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂中Pt颗粒大小及OMS-2载体与Pt之间存在强相互作用有关。Pt负载量明显影响Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂的催化活性,3Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂(Pt=3.0 wt%)催化活性最高,这是由于适当Pt负载量,Pt颗粒较小,并与载体OMS-2的相互作用较强,能较好地活化OMS-2晶格氧。pH值对Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂催化性能影响较大,这与OMS-2的等电点和Pt在不同溶液中存在不同Pt配位体形式有关。     

溶解氧变化对底泥酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

采用室内静态实验考察了溶解氧变化对底泥酶活性影响,同时采用BIOLOG ECO微平板构造了不同溶解氧水平下底泥微生物多样性指数。结果表明:高溶解氧条件下,底泥多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶活性显著高于缺氧条件及厌氧条件(P<0.01),脱氢酶活性高于背景值;厌氧条件下脱氢酶、脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于高溶解氧组、缺氧组及背景值(P<0.05);缺氧条件下硝酸盐还原酶活性显著高于高溶解氧组及厌氧组(P<0.05);蛋白酶活性受溶解氧水平变化的影响较小。BIOLOG ECO微平板法分析表明,溶解氧变化对底泥微生物多样性有不同程度的负面影响,微生物多样性的降低程度从大到小依次为高溶解氧组>厌氧组>缺氧组。主成分分析结果表明:缺氧条件及厌氧条件下,底泥微生物对大分子有机物的利用出现不同程度的降低,相对地,高溶解氧条件下微生物对大分子有机物的利用程度呈现先下降后上升的趋势;高溶解氧组及缺氧组底泥微生物对碳水化合物利用程度升高,厌氧组对碳水化合物利用程度降低。总之,高溶解氧条件更有利于形成底泥有机物完整的代谢循环,提高大分子有机物的利用程度。     

贵州省危险废物处理现状分析及防治对策

本文介绍了贵州省危险废物的类别、产生的行业、区域分布等,对我省危险废物处理现状以及存在的问题进行了分析,提出了可行的污染防治对策及建议。     

淮河流域用水效率研究

为研究淮河流域水资源利用效率,从淮河片水资源公报中提取相关指标数据,以淮河流域水资源二级分区为单元,基于数据包络分析法(DEA)和层次分析法(AHP)模型计算出淮河流域各市的用水效率.结果表明,淮河上游以漯河和平顶山市为优,淮河中游以郑州和徐州为优,淮河下游以扬州和盐城为优,沂沭泗以淄博和商丘为优.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺脱氮及其污泥形态的研究

为研究厌氧氨氧化工艺对高浓度含氮废水的脱氮性能,在以聚乙烯海绵作为填料的上流式厌氧固定床反应器中利用人工配置高浓度含氮废水进行了实验研究.实验中通过添加充足无机碳源,实现了厌氧氨氧化反应器在总氮浓度900～1 210 mg/L长期稳定的运行,脱氮效率在80％以上,最高氮负荷为5.9 kg/m3·d.结果表明:充足的无机碳源在一定程度上可有效地降低高浓度亚硝氮对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制作用.通过对污泥性状的研究,明确寻找出污泥上浮的原因所在.通过Stover-Kincannon模型确定系统动力学参数KB和Umax分别为30.2 g/L·d和2L2g/L·d,这将有助于对该厌氧氨氧化系统各控制条件的有效调节和准确设定,也为日后应用于实际工程中提供重要的理论依据.     

论环境自卫权

环境自卫权是环境权的组成部分,环境自卫权及随着环境权的确立而提出来的,环境权作为环境法的核心问题,近年来在国内外的理论界和立法上都有不同程度的反映,使得环境自卫权的实现也就不可避免的带有复杂性,除了必须具备的条件外,环境自卫权的实现还应当注意实施的手段及其相应性的标准,本文就环境自卫权的生成原因、界定、构成及其实现作了初步研究。