高压注水井措施返排液回注技术探讨

在注水井进行措施作业前,存在放喷泄压时间长、返排液量大的难题,严重影响了措施作业的进度,也给油田生产带来很大的环保压力。利用井口自身注水工艺流程,将泄压放空的返排液经过处理后回注入注水井或者注水流程,对于油田生产和环境保护具有一定的重要意义。     

流动注射分析法在挥发酚测定中的不确定因素分析

从基线波动、气泡干扰、相分离膜干扰及试剂和标准的干扰等4个方面,总结了流动注射分析法在挥发酚测定中的不确定因素,并提出了有效的改进建议。     

地震应急演练虚拟仿真应用技术

地震是一种破坏性极大的突发性自然灾害。破坏性地震发生后,各级政府和部门必须迅速应对这种突发性事件。开展应急演练培训,能提高应急管理人员的应急处置和科学决策能力。应用虚拟仿真应用技术构建了虚拟地震应急演练平台,提出了系统体系结构、想定编辑器、演练控制的设计思想以及虚拟应急演练的组织方式。虚拟地震应急演练平台使演练者能够通过看地震灾害现场,做出相应决策,从而增强受训者的临场感觉,提升地震应急管理人员的快速反应和应急处置能力。     

Simple removal of dioxins by injecting combustion gas into water

A simple, low-cost method for suppression of dioxins/furans (hereinafter referred to as dioxins) is required because many middle- and, especially, small-scale incinerators have fallen into disuse or have been dismantled because of the high running and system costs of measures for the suppression of dioxins. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop a simple removal method for dioxins from combustion gas and to evaluate the basic removal rate of dioxins. The removal method for suspended matter in a gas mixture (cold model) and dioxins in exhaust gases (hot model) has been investigated by means of gas injection into water, the mechanism of which is that the suspended matter in the gas gathers at the gas–liquid interface. In the cold model, the removal ratio of fine particles (R_P) by gas injection into water was reproduced well by the following equation: R_P (%) = 100 × {1−exp(−0.8 · S_S · t_C)}, where S_S (cm²/cm³) is the specific surface area of bubbles and t_C (s) is the residence time of bubbles in water. The removal ratio of fine particles increased as the product S_s · t_C increased. In a hot model using the exhaust gas from combustion experiments of polyvinyl chloride, the removal ratio of dioxins (R_D) by injecting the exhaust gas into water was estimated by the following equation: R_D (%) = 100 × {1−exp(−0.8 · S_S · t_C · C_D0 ^0.07)}, where C_D0 [ng/cm³ (at standard temperature and pressure)] is the dioxins concentration in the exhaust gas before injection into water. R_D depends greatly on the specific surface area of bubbles and the residence time of the bubbles in water, and only weakly on the dioxins concentration in the exhaust gas. Injection of the exhaust gas into water has been shown to be effective and was evaluated as a simple method for the removal of dioxins from exhaust gas.     

油田洗井污水车载式处理技术的研究与应用

本污水处理装置能够有效处理油田注水洗井过程中排放的含油污水。利用车载式污水处理技术研究成果，对传统的注水井洗井污水排放土油池的流程进行了改进，在装置内进行除砂、除油、沉降、过滤后，进行循环使用，使洗井污水处理回收效果得到了明显的改善，实现了污油、污水不落地，达到了节约资源、保护环境的目的，并在实践中得到了一些有益的经验，供其他油田借鉴。     

喷氨同时脱除NO和N_2O过程的化学动力学模拟

本文采用化学动力学模拟的方法,对广泛应用于燃煤锅炉的喷氨脱硝技术进行了研究,首次发现在燃煤锅炉的烟气中喷入氨气不仅可以降低NO_x的排放量.而且可以同时降低N_2O的排放量.文中还就喷氨初期的烟气温度、烟气中的含氧量和水份、NO和N_2O的初始浓度、烟气中的CO含量以及喷氨量对喷氨同时脱除NO和N_2O效果的影响进行了计算分析,确定了喷氨同时脱除NO和N_2O的最佳条件.对喷氨过程的化学反应机理进行的分析表明,该过程之所以能同时脱除NO和N_2O,是因为在NH_3的分解和NO的还原过程中产生了一定浓度的H和OH离子,从而加速了N_2O的热分解过程.     

高温吸收剂喷射对尘粒性质的影响

本文综述了现有的高温吸收剂喷射对粒子性质影响的研究成果．总结了现有的有关高温吸收剂喷射对尘粒的比电阻、粒子分布、粒子结构形态的影响以及由此产生的对除尘器性能的影响．     

基于风洞实验的冷却塔空腔区范围影响因素研究

目的基于火电厂采用"烟塔合一"排烟方式时可能由于污染物下洗造成"空腔区"内地面高浓度等问题,分析空腔区范围,以科学设置环境防护距离。方法采用相似理论,将10个"烟塔合一"火电厂及地形按几何比缩小至风洞实验室内,通过测量冷却塔后方湍流度,并对比背景湍流度的方法,分析不同冷却塔形状以及不同下垫面条件下冷却塔空腔区的尺寸。结果空腔区的高度、宽度与冷却塔高宽比存在正相关性,山地地形更有利于湍涡耗散,而使空腔区范围较平坦地形更小,厂区内大型建筑物位置会对冷却塔空腔区的范围产生影响。试验分析得出,冷却塔空腔区范围基本在冷却塔高度的2倍以内,高宽比越大,则空腔区范围越小,地形越复杂,空腔区范围越小。结论火电厂采用"烟塔合一"排烟方式时,建议优先选择高宽比大的塔型,以降低排烟冷却塔对周围环境影响的可能性。     

渤海某油田注水井筛管失效测试及原因分析

目的 对注水井防砂筛管失效进行原因分析,解决注水井防砂问题。方法 针对渤海某油田注水井的防砂筛管失效问题,打捞失效筛管,并对破损区取样,通过损伤部位宏观和微观形貌、关键区域EDS能谱成分测量及室内模拟测试与计算分析等手段,综合分析各部位的损伤特征及规律。结果 宏观和微观形貌分析结果表明,损伤区域呈现明显的冲蚀损坏特征,测试与计算结果得出损伤速率为1.299 mm/a,寿命预测约为0.35 a(4.2个月),与现场实际比较吻合。结论 地层砂在筛管外堆积,造成筛管堵塞,形成高压差,高速注入水冲击筛管外的堆积砂,形成含砂流体在筛管外表面附近区域的紊流,对筛管局部反向冲击形成含砂流体冲刷腐蚀,从而造成局部冲蚀破坏穿孔。为有效解决冲蚀损伤问题,建议后续采取砾石充填防砂方式。     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium†

There is limited evidence to suggest that certain compounds of cadmium may be mildly mutagenic. Some compounds of cadmium have given rise to fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection in the rat and also to interstitial cell tumours of the testis as a sequel to cellular damage and testicular atrophy. Cadmium chloride aerosol inhalation has induced a high incidence of dose‐related lung cancer in the rat. Epidemiological observations suggest that mortality from prostatic and possibly from lung cancer has been increased in cadmium workers who had experienced the very high levels of cadmium, mainly as oxide dust or fume, which existed in the past. The more recent epidemiological studies have not added further evidence in support of the carcinogenic role of cadmium.